Ushbu ilmiy maqolada ko‘zning asosiy sezuvchi qismi — retina (to‘r parda)ning gistologik tuzilishi va har bir qatlamning ko‘rish jarayonidagi funksional ahamiyati yoritilgan. Retina 10 ta qatlamdan tashkil topgan bo‘lib, har bir qatlamda maxsus morfologik tuzilma va funksional hujayralar mavjud. Fotoretseptorlar (tayanch rod va konuslar), bipolar va ganglion hujayralar, pigment epiteliysi, neyroglial elementlar ko‘rishning boshlang‘ich bosqichida yorug‘lik signallarini qabul qilish, uzatish va qayta ishlashda asosiy rol o‘ynaydi. Maqolada shuningdek, retina qatlamlarining o‘zaro integratsiyasi, ularning patologik holatlar — masalan, diabetik retinopatiya, glaukoma va retina degeneratsiyalari bilan bog‘liqligi ham tahlil qilingan. Retina gistologiyasini chuqur o‘rganish oftalmologik kasalliklarni erta aniqlash va samarali davolashda muhim ahamiyat kasb etadi.

Mazkur maqolada O‘zbekistonda soliq qarzdorligini hisoblash tizimining hozirgi holati tahlil qilinib, uni takomillashtirish zarurati asoslab berilgan. Soliq qarzining davlat byudjetiga ta’siri, qarzdorlikni keltirib chiqaruvchi omillar va ularni bartaraf etish yo‘llari ko‘rib chiqilgan. Raqamlashtirish asosidagi yangi hisob-kitob tizimlari, sun’iy intellektdan foydalanish imkoniyatlari hamda nazoratning samarali mexanizmlari haqida takliflar bildirilgan.

Ushbu maqolada o‘pka alveolalarining gistologik tuzilishi, ularning hujayraviy tarkibi va gaz almashinuvidagi roli batafsil yoritilgan. Alveola devorining asosiy komponentlari — I va II tip pnevmositlar, surfaktant, interalveolyar septum va alveolyar makrofaglar morfologik nuqtai nazardan tahlil qilingan. Shuningdek, alveola va kapillyarlar o‘rtasidagi tuzilmaviy moslashuvlar hamda gaz almashinuvi mexanizmi izchil bayon etilgan. Mavzuning dolzarbligi, ayniqsa respirator kasalliklar, surfaktant yetishmovchiligi, emfizema va fibroz kabi klinik holatlarda alveolalarning buzilishi bilan bog‘liq patologiyalarni anglashda namoyon bo‘ladi.

Научная статья посвящена изучению распространенности сенсибилизации к пищевым продуктам и грибам, а также ее профилактике в условиях жаркого климата. На сегодняшний день грибы известны в разных странах мира как этиологический фактор аллергических заболеваний. У пациентов с аллергическими заболеваниями на основании детального сбора анамнеза и с помощью современных методов in vitro диагностики возможно выявление чувствительности к грибковым аллергенам. В условиях жаркого климата выявление антител иммуноглобулина Е к плесневым и дрожжевым грибам, таким как Aspergillus, Penicillium, Cladosporium, Alternaria и Rhizopus, возможно только с помощью персонализированного подхода к диагностике и терапии.

Chronic hepatitis B and C infections remain among the most pressing global public health challenges due to their widespread prevalence, silent progression, and potential to cause irreversible liver damage. The hepatotropic nature of HBV and HCV leads to persistent inflammation, immune-mediated injury, and significant morphological alterations at the hepatocyte level, ultimately resulting in fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. This study aims to comprehensively evaluate and characterize the cellular and subcellular morphological changes in hepatocytes in patients with chronic viral hepatitis B and C. Emphasis is placed on cytoplasmic vacuolization, nuclear polymorphism, ballooning degeneration, apoptotic and necrotic changes, Mallory-Denk bodies, and mitochondrial dysfunction. By integrating histopathological findings with current virological and immunological data, the study highlights the mechanisms by which chronic infection alters liver architecture and function. The analysis also underscores the role of liver biopsy and advanced imaging techniques in detecting these morphological patterns and supports the development of targeted therapeutic strategies. These insights are critical for improving early diagnosis, patient stratification, and long-term clinical outcomes in individuals affected by chronic viral hepatitis.