Chronic stress has emerged as one of the most significant public health concerns of the twenty-first century, affecting millions of individuals worldwide. While acute stress responses are adaptive and essential for survival, prolonged exposure to stress can lead to substantial physiological and neurological alterations. Advances in neuroscience, neuroimaging, and molecular biology have provided compelling evidence that chronic stress not only affects psychological well-being but also induces measurable structural and functional changes within the human brain. These alterations involve critical brain regions such as the hippocampus, amygdala, and prefrontal cortex, which are responsible for memory, emotional regulation, learning, decision-making, and executive functioning. The neurobiological effects of chronic stress are primarily mediated through activation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis and the subsequent release of glucocorticoids, particularly cortisol. Persistent elevation of stress hormones can disrupt neuronal integrity, impair synaptic plasticity, promote neuroinflammation, and alter neurotransmitter systems. \ Emerging evidence suggests that these changes may contribute to the development of various psychiatric and neurological disorders, including depression, anxiety disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder, Alzheimer's disease, and other neurodegenerative conditions. This review explores the current scientific understanding of how chronic stress influences brain structure and function. The article examines the underlying neurobiological mechanisms, summarizes findings from neuroimaging studies, discusses cognitive and emotional consequences, and evaluates potential therapeutic interventions aimed at mitigating stress-related brain damage. Understanding the relationship between chronic stress and brain health is essential for developing effective prevention strategies and improving long-term neurological outcomes.

This article examines the theoretical foundations, pedagogical opportunities, and effective methods for developing critical thinking skills in English language classes. The importance of critical thinking in the formation of communicative competence is highlighted, and the use of modern pedagogical approaches such as problem-based learning, discussions, debates, project-based learning, case studies, and reflective activities is justified. The findings indicate that lessons focused on critical thinking significantly contribute to the development of students’ language competence, logical reasoning, creativity, and independent decision-making abilities.

Mazkur maqolada O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Markaziy banki tomonidan qo‘llanilayotgan monetar siyosat instrumentlarining samaradorligi tahlil qilinadi. Tadqiqotda asosiy stavka, foiz koridori, ochiq bozor operatsiyalari, likvidlikni sterilizatsiya qilish vositalari, majburiy zaxira talablari hamda kommunikatsion siyosatning inflyatsiya, pul bozori foiz stavkalari, banklar likvidligi, depozitlar va kreditlash hajmiga ta’siri baholanadi. Tahlil 2021–2025-yillar ma’lumotlari hamda 2026-yil birinchi chorakdagi pul bozori ko‘rsatkichlariga asoslandi. Natijalar asosiy stavka va ochiq bozor operatsiyalari pul bozori stavkalarini Markaziy bank maqsadli ko‘rsatkichiga yaqinlashtirishda yuqori samaradorlikka ega ekanini ko‘rsatadi. Shu bilan birga, kreditlash, ayniqsa iste’mol kreditlari yuqori sur’atda o‘sishda davom etayotgani monetar transmissiya mexanizmi to‘liq shakllanib ulgurmaganini bildiradi. Maqolada monetar siyosat instrumentlari samaradorligini oshirish bo‘yicha amaliy takliflar ishlab chiqilgan.

Ushbu maqolada maktabgacha ta'lim tashkilotlarida inklyuziv ta'limni joriy etishning tashkiliy-didaktik tizimi ilmiy-nazariy jihatdan tahlil qilingan. Inklyuziv ta'limning mazmuni, tamoyillari, pedagogik shart-sharoitlari hamda alohida ta'lim ehtiyojlariga ega bo‘lgan bolalarni ta'lim jarayoniga muvaffaqiyatli integratsiya qilish mexanizmlari yoritilgan. Tadqiqotda inklyuziv ta'limni tashkil etishning tarkibiy komponentlari, pedagoglarning kasbiy kompetensiyalari va rivojlantiruvchi ta'lim muhitini yaratish masalalari o‘rganilgan. Shuningdek, xorijiy mamlakatlar tajribasi tahlil qilinib, maktabgacha ta'lim tizimida inklyuziv ta'lim samaradorligini oshirish bo‘yicha tavsiyalar ishlab chiqilgan.

Несмотря на высокое бремя материнской заболеваемости в Узбекистане, для страны отсутствуют открытые наборы данных, пригодные для разработки и воспроизводимой проверки моделей прогнозирования материнского риска. Существующие модели обучены преимущественно на данных стран с высоким доходом, что ограничивает их перенос. Мы представляем MaternaUZ – первый открытый синтетический набор данных материнского риска для Узбекистана (n = 4 812 записей, 26 переменных), сгенерированный с сохранением одномерных и совместных распределений переменных Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) и тематически сопоставленный с открытым клиническим набором материнского риска (Бангладеш, UCI Machine Learning Repository). Признаки сгруппированы в пять кумулятивных слоёв (базовые, клинические, социальные, экологические, динамические). Набор не содержит данных реальных лиц, прошёл проверку соответствия распределений (критерий Колмогорова–Смирнова), сохранения корреляционной структуры и приватности (расстояние до ближайшей записи). На наборе воспроизводится базовая модель стратификации риска (ROC-AUC ≈ 0,9). MaternaUZ обеспечивает воспроизводимую разработку алгоритмов до получения доступа к реальным клиническим данным (DMED) и публикуется под открытой лицензией.