This article analyzes the theoretical foundations of the restoration of memorial monuments, the importance of preserving historical monuments, and modern restoration methods. It also reviews the processes of preserving and restoring historical architectural monuments in Uzbekistan, international experience, and scientific approaches. During the restoration process, special attention is paid to the issues of preserving authenticity, not destroying historicity, and restoring the original appearance of the monument as much as possible.

Mazkur maqolada jadidchilik harakatining yirik namoyandasi Abdulla Avloniyning “Turkiy Guliston yoxud axloq” asarida ilgari surilgan ta’lim va tarbiya haqidagi pedagogik qarashlar ilmiy jihatdan tahlil qilinadi. Asarda tarbiya shaxs kamolotining asosiy omili, jamiyat taraqqiyotining muhim sharti sifatida talqin etiladi. Muallif ta’lim va tarbiyaning o‘zaro uzviy bog‘liqligini asoslab, oilaviy, maktab va ijtimoiy tarbiyaning ahamiyatini ochib beradi. Shuningdek, muallim shaxsiga yuklangan mas’uliyat, axloqiy tarbiyaning ustuvorligi hamda ta’limning ma’naviy vazifalari yoritiladi. Tadqiqot natijalari Avloniyning pedagogik qarashlari bugungi zamonaviy ta’lim tizimi uchun ham dolzarb nazariy va amaliy ahamiyatga ega ekanini ko‘rsatadi.

Mazkur maqolada korxonalarda ish haqi fondining iqtisodiy mohiyati, tarkibiy qismlari va shakllanishiga ta’sir etuvchi omillar tadqiq etilgan. Ish haqi fondini tahlil qilish, optimallashtirish yo'llari yoritilgan hamda nisbiy va mutlaq ko‘rsatkichlari, shuningdek, mehnat unumdorligi va ish haqi o‘sish sur’atlari o‘rtasidagi mutanosiblik masalalari tahlil qilingan.

Mazkur maqolada yer munosabatlari tizimidagi o‘ziga xos huquqiy munosabat — servitut yoki o‘zganing yer uchastkasidan cheklangan tarzda foydalanish huquqi tahlil qilinadi. Bozor iqtisodiyoti sharoitida yer munosabatlarining murakkablashuvi, yer uchastkalariga egalik qilish, undan foydalanish va tasarruf etish jarayonida yuzaga keladigan huquqiy munosabatlar, shuningdek, servitutning amaliy shakllari va u yer resurslarini oqilona boshqarishdagi roli yoritilgan. Maqolada servitutning hududiy rejalashtirish, infratuzilmani rivojlantirish va jamoat manfaatlarini ta’minlashdagi ahamiyati, shuningdek, yer egasi va foydalanuvchining huquqiy himoyasi masalalari ko‘rib chiqiladi.

Cytology is a fundamental discipline in medical sciences that investigates the structural organization, functional mechanisms, and life cycle of the cell as the basic unit of living organisms. This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the main sections of cytology, including cell morphology, molecular organization, membrane transport, organelle specialization, cell cycle regulation, and mechanisms of cell death. Special emphasis is placed on the clinical relevance of cytological knowledge in pathology, oncology, hematology, and regenerative medicine. Modern cytological research methods and their diagnostic significance are also discussed. Understanding cytology at the molecular and ultrastructural levels is essential for interpreting physiological and pathological processes in medical practice.