Mazkur maqolada hissiyotlar, stress va depressiya tushunchalarining psixologik mohiyati, ularning inson ruhiy salomatligiga ta’siri hamda o‘zaro bog‘liqligi ilmiy jihatdan tahlil qilingan. Shuningdek, stress va depressiyaning kelib chiqish sabablari, asosiy belgilari, oldini olish choralari hamda psixologik yordam ko‘rsatishning zamonaviy usullari yoritilgan. Maqolada stressning neyrofiziologik mexanizmlari, xususan, gipotalamus-gipofiz-buyrak usti bezi o‘qi (HPA o‘qi), kortizol va ayrim neyrotransmitterlarning roli haqida ma’lumotlar keltirilgan. Depressiyaning biologik, psixologik va ijtimoiy omillarning o‘zaro ta’siri natijasida yuzaga kelishini ifodalovchi biopsixosotsial yondashuvga alohida e’tibor qaratilgan. Tahlil natijalari shuni ko‘rsatadiki, hissiyotlarni boshqarish ko‘nikmalarini rivojlantirish, stressni samarali boshqarish, sog‘lom turmush tarziga rioya qilish va o‘z vaqtida psixologik yordam olish ruhiy salomatlikni mustahkamlash hamda depressiv holatlarning oldini olishda muhim ahamiyatga ega.

English phrasal verbs are an important feature of the English lexical and grammatical system. They consist mainly of a verb combined with an adverbial particle or, in some cases, a particle and a preposition. Phrasal verbs such as give up, look after, find out, and take off are extremely common in everyday English and are particularly significant for learners who want to achieve natural and fluent communication. At the same time, they are difficult to understand and use because their meanings are not always predictable from the meanings of their individual components. This paper presents a comparative analysis of English phrasal verbs, focusing on their structural, syntactic, semantic, and functional characteristics. It also considers the relationship between phrasal verbs and their equivalents in other linguistic systems, particularly languages that tend to express verbal meanings through prefixes or single lexical verbs. The analysis demonstrates that phrasal verbs can have literal, semi-transparent, and idiomatic meanings and can function according to different syntactic patterns. Particular attention is given to separable and inseparable phrasal verbs, transitive and intransitive constructions, and difficulties associated with their translation and acquisition. The study concludes that understanding phrasal verbs requires learners to develop both vocabulary and grammatical awareness. Their systematic study is therefore essential for effective English-language learning, translation, and communication.

Bul maqalada házirgi zaman qaraqalpaq ádebiyatındaǵı roman-esse janrınıń rawajlanıwı, onıń ózgeshelikleri hám A. Dáwletmuratovtıń “Hár zamanǵa bir zaman” shıǵarmasınıń janrlıq-stilliq ózgeshelikleri talqılanadı. Shıǵarmadaǵı tariyxıy waqıyalardıń, folklorlıq elementlerdiń hám memuarlıq esteliklerdiń sintezi, avtorlıq bayanlawdıń fragmentarlıq usılı hám tariyxıy tulǵalar obrazınıń beriliwi analiz etiledi. Sonday-aq, shıǵarmanıń T. Qayıpbergenovtıń “Qálbimniń qamusı” shıǵarması menen janrlıq uqsaslıqları hám parıqları sáwlelenedi.

The article discusses the artistic-publicistic synthesis of historical events, mythological legends, and ethnographic materials in M. Nizanov's novel-essay "The Karakalpaks". The portrayal of the origin (ethnogenesis) of the Karakalpak people, the history of their statehood, their religious-spiritual worldview, and their diplomatic relations with the Russian Empire are evaluated from a scientific-critical perspective. It explores the author's masterful utilization of historical sources (archive documents, genealogical records) and examples of oral literature (legends, epics) within the framework of the "novel-essay" genre, as well as the work's role in restoring the national mentality and historical memory of the Karakalpak people.

International financial cooperation has become an increasingly important instrument for strengthening social stability, particularly in economies exposed to financial crises, unemployment, poverty, migration pressures, public-health emergencies, and other external shocks. Cooperation among national governments, international financial institutions, regional development banks, donor agencies, and multilateral funds can contribute not only to macroeconomic stabilization but also to the protection of employment, household incomes, access to essential public services, social inclusion, and human-capital development. This article examines the impact of international financial cooperation on social stability through selected successful experiences, including the European Union’s Support to Mitigate Unemployment Risks in an Emergency (SURE) instrument, the Global Concessional Finance Facility and related programs in Jordan, Asian Development Bank support for social resilience in Bangladesh, and international financial cooperation supporting social protection reforms in Uzbekistan. The study applies a comparative and descriptive analytical approach based on secondary data from international financial institutions. The findings indicate that the social impact of international financing is greatest when financial assistance is closely integrated with targeted social protection, employment measures, institutional reforms, digital delivery mechanisms, and transparent monitoring systems. The article concludes that international financial cooperation should increasingly be viewed as a multidimensional mechanism for maintaining social resilience rather than merely as an instrument for correcting macroeconomic imbalances.