English has become one of the most widely used languages in the world. As globalization continues to connect people from different countries, the demand for effective English language teaching methods has increased significantly. Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) is one of the most popular approaches used in modern language education. This article discusses the importance of CLT in developing students' speaking skills, its advantages, challenges, and practical applications in English language classrooms. The study highlights how communicative activities help learners improve fluency, confidence, and real-life communication abilities.

This article discusses the theoretical, didactic, and methodological foundations for explaining the concept of function to students in mathematics education. The concept of function is one of the fundamental mathematical concepts directly related to algebra, geometry, mathematical analysis, physics, computer science, economics, and technical sciences. One of the important tasks of mathematics education is to ensure that students understand this concept not superficially, merely as a formula or a graph, but as a relationship between quantities, a correspondence, a process of change, and a means of modeling. The article analyzes the use of real-life situations in forming the concept of function, the establishment of connections among multiple representations such as tables, graphs, formulas, and verbal descriptions, the development of students’ conceptual understanding, the early identification and correction of errors, and the application of information and communication technologies as well as dynamic mathematical software. In addition, the importance of such principles as gradualness, visualization, problem-based learning, practical orientation, interdisciplinary integration, and a competency-based approach in teaching the concept of function is substantiated. The article also presents a methodological model for organizing a lesson, typical difficulties encountered by students, and ways to overcome them.

Ushbu maqolada akademik litsey tarix darslarida Qutayba ibn Muslim obrazini o‘rganishning ilmiy-metodik asoslari, tarixiy voqealarni biryoqlama emas, balki manbalar, kontekst va tanqidiy tafakkur asosida tahlil qilish imkoniyatlari yoritiladi. Movarounnahrga arablarning kirib kelishi va islom dinining yoyilishi O‘zbekiston tarixidagi murakkab, ziddiyatli va ko‘p qirrali jarayonlardan biridir. Ayniqsa, Qutayba ibn Muslim shaxsi ushbu jarayonda markaziy o‘rin egallaydi: u bir tomondan Arab xalifaligi siyosatini amalga oshirgan harbiy sarkarda, ikkinchi tomondan Movarounnahrning siyosiy, diniy va madaniy hayotida katta burilish yasagan tarixiy shaxs sifatida talqin qilinadi. Shu sababli akademik litsey o‘quvchilariga mazkur mavzuni o‘qitishda faqat yodlashga asoslangan an’anaviy usul yetarli emas. O‘quvchilarda tarixiy hodisaga xolis baho berish, manbalarni qiyosiy tahlil qilish, sabab va oqibatlarni ajratish, tarixiy shaxs faoliyatini davr sharoiti bilan bog‘lab baholash ko‘nikmalarini shakllantirish zarur. Maqolada Qutayba ibn Muslim obrazini o‘rganishda manbashunoslik, muammoli ta’lim, debat, konseptual xarita, tarixiy hujjat bilan ishlash va refleksiv tahlil metodlaridan foydalanish imkoniyatlari ochib beriladi. Shuningdek, mavzuni o‘qitishda “fath”, “istilo”, “islomlashuv”, “mahalliy qarshilik”, “madaniy o‘zgarish” kabi tushunchalarni ilmiy asosda tushuntirish zarurligi asoslanadi.

Ushbu tadqiqot O'zbekistonda sun'iy intellekt (AI) texnologiyalari, yashil iqtisodiyot tamoyillari va xorijiy to'g'ridan-to'g'ri investitsiyalar o'rtasidagi sinergistik munosabatni tahlil etadi. Mavzu global raqamli transformatsiya va iqlim o'zgarishiga qarshi kurash fonida alohida dolzarblik kasb etadi. Tadqiqotning asosiy maqsadi — ushbu uch omilning birgalikdagi ta'sirini aniqlash va ularning O'zbekiston barqaror iqtisodiy rivojlanishiga hissasini baholashdan iborat. Metodologik jihatdan qiyosiy tahlil, statistik ma'lumotlar tahlili va sistemali yondashuv qo'llanilgan bo'lib, BMT, Jahon banki, Xalqaro valyuta fondi (XVF) hamda O'zbekiston milliy statistika ma'lumotlaridan foydalanilgan. Tadqiqot natijalari shuni ko'rsatadiki, AI texnologiyalarini yashil iqtisodiyot bilan integratsiyalash investitsion muhitni sezilarli darajada yaxshilaydi va YaIM o'sishini tezlashtiradi. Xulosa sifatida davlat-xususiy sheriklik modellarini kuchaytirish, raqamli infratuzilmani modernizatsiya qilish va AI-yashil iqtisodiyot ko'nikmalari bo'yicha inson kapitalini rivojlantirish bo'yicha amaliy tavsiyalar berilgan.

В данной статье рассматривается история развития медиации как одного из наиболее эффективных альтернативных способов разрешения споров. Анализируются истоки медиации, уходящие корнями в древние цивилизации, где посредничество использовалось для урегулирования конфликтов между отдельными лицами, семьями и общинами. Особое внимание уделяется эволюции института медиации в различных странах мира, а также его становлению в качестве самостоятельного правового механизма в XX–XXI веках. В работе исследуется роль третьей стороны в процессе разрешения конфликтов, принципы нейтральности, добровольности и конфиденциальности, лежащие в основе медиации. Рассматриваются основные этапы развития медиации, международный опыт её применения и значение данного института для достижения компромисса между сторонами спора. Делается вывод о возрастающей роли медиации в современных правовых системах и её значимости для укрепления культуры мирного урегулирования конфликтов.