Gastric cancer (GC) remains one of the most significant global health challenges, ranking among the top causes of cancer mortality worldwide. Despite declining incidence in many high-income regions, gastric cancer continues to show substantial geographical variation, with East Asia, Eastern Europe, and parts of Latin America bearing the highest burden. The disease arises from a multifactorial interaction of environmental exposures, chronic infections—especially Helicobacter pylori—dietary habits, genetic predisposition, and socioeconomic determinants. This review synthesizes high-quality epidemiological evidence, incorporating global population-based registries, cohort studies, meta-analyses, and international cancer surveillance data. The article follows a hybrid systematic–narrative design to provide a comprehensive overview of incidence, mortality, risk factors, protective factors, histological patterns, and temporal trends. Special focus is given to the divergent patterns of non-cardia gastric cancer (NCGC) and cardia gastric cancer (CGC), the impact of H. pylori eradication, demographic transitions, and the influence of Western lifestyle patterns. The review highlights the persistent public health importance of gastric cancer and emphasizes that early detection, infection control, dietary modification, and molecularly targeted screening strategies remain essential for reducing disease burden. These findings underscore the need for region-specific preventive policies and strengthened cancer surveillance systems.

Мақолада Совет ҳокимиятининг исломга нисбатан сиёса- тининг мураккаб тарихини кузатар эканмиз,биз куч, мафкура ва чидамли- ликнинг таъсирчан ҳикоясини топамиз. Совет Иттифоқи 1917-йилда ташкил топганидан то 1991-йилда парчаланишигача,диннинг роли билан, хусусан, мусулмон аҳолиси контекстида кураш олиб борди. Вақт бўйлаб жараён нафақат давлат томонидан қўлланиладиган ривожланаётган страте гияларни, балки бу сиёсатларнинг мусулмон жамоаларига чуқур таъсирини ва пост- совет ландшафтини шакллантиришда давом этаётган абадий меросни ҳам ёритади. Болшевиклар инқилоби ва унинг дастлабки йиллари ундан кейинги агрессив секуляризация кампанияси учун замин яратилганлиги таҳлил этилган.

Hepatic fibrosis represents a dynamic wound-healing response of the liver that becomes pathologic when injury is persistent. Regardless of the cause—viral hepatitis, alcohol, NASH, autoimmune disease, or toxic injury—the process converges on a final common pathway: activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) into contractile, ECM-producing myofibroblasts. This transition is driven by inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress, and changes in the extracellular matrix environment. The article describes fibrosis as neither irreversible nor linear. Instead, it is a bidirectional process, where progression and regression depend on the balance between fibrogenic signals and mechanisms that promote matrix degradation. In regression, inactivated HSCs undergo apoptosis, senescence, or reversion to a quiescent phenotype, while matrix-remodelling enzymes reduce the dense collagen network. To build reliable conclusions, the review synthesizes findings from human trials, animal models (such as CCl₄ and bile-duct ligation), and mechanistic in-vitro studies. It selects studies with strong methodological design, appropriate fibrosis staging systems (like METAVIR or Ishak), and validated non-invasive assessment techniques including elastography. Overall, the aim is to integrate experimental and clinical evidence to clarify how fibrosis develops, how it can reverse, and which biological nodes represent the most promising therapeutic targets. The work emphasizes that modern understanding of liver fibrosis has shifted from viewing it as a static, end-stage scarring process to recognizing it as a modifiable, targetable disease state, opening new opportunities for anti-fibrotic therapy and early diagnosis.

In the context of globalization and rapid socio-cultural transformation, the development of youth worldview has become a crucial issue in contemporary socio-philosophical discourse. This study aims to examine the integrative function of national and universal values in shaping the worldview of young people. The research employs socio-philosophical analysis, comparative analysis, and a review of relevant scholarly literature to explore the relationship between value systems and youth development. The findings indicate that the integration of national and universal values contributes to the formation of a balanced worldview, strengthens cultural identity, promotes social responsibility, and enhances intercultural understanding among youth. Furthermore, the study reveals that the harmonization of these values serves as an effective mechanism for fostering moral maturity and civic consciousness in an increasingly interconnected world. The results highlight the importance of value-based education and socialization processes in supporting sustainable youth development. The study concludes that the integrative interaction between national and universal values constitutes a significant foundation for the intellectual, moral, and social development of young people.

Mazkur maqolada XIX asr boshlaridagi Usmonli turk adabiy muhitida devonchilik, xususan, Mehmet Said Partav Posho ijodida ustuvor janrlarva uning siyosiy faoliyati haqida so‘z boradi.