Mazkur maqolada krossmadaniy muloqotda yuzaga keladigan lisoniy toʻsiqlar lingvistik va lingvomadaniy nuqtai nazaridan tahlil qilinadi. Tadqiqotda lisoniy toʻsiqlarning asosiy turlari (leksik-semantik, grammatik-sintaktik, pragmatik va frazeologik xususiyatlari) koʻrib chiqiladi hamda ularning sabablari turli tillar va madaniyatlar (jumladan, oʻzbek, ingliz, turk va boshqa tillar) misollarida yoritiladi.

Ushbu maqolada bugungi globallashuv jarayoniga xos taʼlim texnologiyalaridan foydalanish masalalari yoritilgan.

Ushbu matnda sil kasalligini qo‘zg‘atuvchi Mycobacterium tuberculosis majmuasining o‘ziga xos mikrobiologik xususiyatlari, jumladan, uning kislotaga chidamliligi, sekin o‘sishi va tashqi muhitga bardoshliligi tahlil qilinadi. Shuningdek, zamonaviy tibbiyotda silni erta aniqlashning eng samarali usullari — molekulyar-genetik testlar (GeneXpert), suyuq muhitlarda ekish (MGIT) va immunologik tashxis usullari (IGRA) haqida ma’lumot berilgan. Mazkur usullarning an’anaviy mikroskopiyaga nisbatan afzalliklari va dori vositalariga chidamlilikni aniqlashdagi o‘rni yoritilgan.

This study investigates the biogeochemical composition of the atmosphere in the southern regions of Uzbekistan (Surkhondarya and Kashkadarya regions). The research identifies the natural and anthropogenic sources of air pollutants, characterises the physicochemical composition of dust–aerosol particles (PM₂.₅ and PM₁₀), and demonstrates their significance within an integrated environmental monitoring system. Seasonal sampling campaigns were conducted at five monitoring sites from 2023 to 2024. Atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) and inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) were employed to quantify heavy metal concentrations, while ion chromatography determined major anion and cation profiles. Biogeochemical indices (Igeo, PI, ERI) were computed for each site, and spatial distribution was mapped using GIS. Results indicate that PM₂.₅ and PM₁₀ concentrations exceed WHO guideline values by 3–7-fold during summer, with heavy metals Fe, Mn, Pb, Zn, and Cu showing marked seasonal peaks. Source apportionment attributes 52% of PM₁₀ to soil erosion and dust storms, 21% to industrial emissions, and 14% to transport. Ecological risk assessment classified two sites in Surkhondarya Valley as 'moderately hazardous' and one as 'highly hazardous'. Integration of biogeochemical analysis into routine monitoring is scientifically substantiated and recommended.

Maqolada oshqozon yarasi va o’n ikki barmoqli ichak yarasi patogenezining zamonaviy tushunchalari qisqacha bayon etilgan. Yaraning qaytalanishini va asoratlarni, shu jumladan yaradan qon ketishini oldini olish uchun Helicobacter pylori infektsiyasini yo’q qilish zarurati ta’kidlangan. Dori-darmonlarni davolash sxemalari keltirilgan va oshqozon yarasi kasalligida qo’llaniladigan turli dori vositalarining qiyosiy bahosi berilgan. Maqolada oshqozon yarasi patogenezi haqidagi so’nggi qarashlar qisqacha bayon etilgan, takroriy yaralar va asoratlarni, shu jumladan yarali qon ketishining oldini olish uchun Helicobacter pylori infektsiyasini yo’q qilish zarurati ta’kidlangan, dori-darmonlarni qabul qilish sxemalari berilgan va oshqozon yarasida qo’llaniladigan turli dorilar qiyosiy baholangan. Rossiya Sog’liqni saqlash vazirligining bosh gastroenterologi, prof. P.Y. Grigoryev, Rossiya davlat tibbiyot universiteti. Prof. P.Ya. Grigoryev, Rossiya davlat tibbiyot universiteti, Rossiya Federatsiyasi Sog’liqni saqlash vazirligi bosh gastroenterologi.