Mazkur maqolada sun’iy intellekt (SI) texnologiyalarining imkoniyatlari va xavflari tanqidiy-huquqiy yondashuv asosida kompleks tahlil qilinadi. Tadqiqotda ChatGPT kabi til modellari misolida AI tizimlarining ta’lim, tibbiyot, moliya va sanoat sohalaridagi samaradorligi bilan bir qatorda, noto‘g‘ri ma’lumot tarqatish, shaxsiy ma’lumotlar himoyasi, axborot xavfsizligi, manipulyatsiya va algoritmik tarafkashlik bilan bog‘liq muammolar yoritiladi. Shuningdek, sun’iy intellektni huquqiy va etik jihatdan tartibga solish bo‘yicha xalqaro tajriba tahlil qilinib, davlat nazorati, ishlab chiquvchilarning mas’uliyati va foydalanuvchilarning axborot madaniyatini oshirish zarurligi asoslab beriladi. Tadqiqot natijalari shuni ko‘rsatadiki, sun’iy intellekt inson tafakkuri va axloqini to‘liq almashtira olmaydi, biroq uni ongli va me’yoriy boshqaruv asosida qo‘llash jamiyatning barqaror rivojlanishiga xizmat qiladi.

This article examines language teaching and assessment within the framework of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR). The CEFR serves as an internationally accepted standard for describing language proficiency and aligning educational objectives, teaching practices, and assessment systems. The paper discusses the theoretical foundations of the CEFR, its role in communicative language teaching, and its application in formative and summative assessment. In addition, the study highlights the advantages and challenges of CEFR-based implementation and offers recommendations for educators and institutions.

Burun to‘sig‘i qiyshayishi (septum deviasiyasi) — LOR amaliyotida eng ko‘p uchraydigan anatomik o‘zgarishlardan biri bo‘lib, burun bo‘shlig‘i orqali havo oqimining fiziologik o‘tishini buzadi. Ushbu holat nafaqat nafas olish qiyinchiligi, balki bosh og‘rig‘i, uyqu buzilishi, tez-tez rinosinusitlar, quloq shamollashi va umumiy hayot sifatining pasayishiga olib keladi. Maqolada burun to‘sig‘ining normal anatomiyasi, septum deviasiyasining kelib chiqish sabablari, patofiziologik mexanizmlari hamda uning nafas olish tizimi va bemor hayot sifatiga ko‘rsatadigan ta’siri batafsil yoritilgan. Shuningdek, klinik belgilar, tashxis qo‘yish usullari va davolashning zamonaviy yondashuvlari tahlil qilinadi.

In this study, a sample building was simulated in order to simultaneously examine energy savings and the economic aspects resulting from thermal insulation. By modeling the sample space under the climatic conditions of Herat, characterized by cold winters and hot summers, the annual heating and cooling energy consumption of the building was calculated using common insulation materials widely used in Afghanistan for external walls. In addition, the amount of heating and cooling energy saved through insulation was determined. The cost of insulating the walls, including the cost of the insulation material, labor, transportation, and other related expenses, was also estimated. Finally, by calculating the break-even point, the payback period for the insulation investment based on the achieved energy savings was obtained. The results indicate that the initial cost of insulating the building walls is recovered after approximately six years. Furthermore, the most economical wall for insulation was found to be the southern wall with the recommended Preen concrete block insulation, which had a payback period of about 41 months. This payback duration is reasonable and fully justifies the application of wall insulation from an economic standpoint.

Metabolic syndrome is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease and atrial fibrillation. This original study included 40 patients with metabolic syndrome complicated by atrial fibrillation and aimed to assess clinical, metabolic, and hemostatic risk factors. All patients underwent evaluation of body mass index, blood pressure, glucose tolerance, and electrocardiography. Laboratory assessment included lipid profile analysis, 24-hour urinary adrenaline and noradrenaline excretion, and evaluation of hemostatic parameters. Risk stratification was performed using the CHA₂DS₂-VASc, CHARGE-AF, and HAS-BLED scores. High thromboembolic risk (CHA₂DS₂-VASc ≥2) was identified in 80% of patients, high atrial fibrillation risk according to CHARGE-AF in 70%, and increased bleeding risk in 15%. Significant associations were observed between metabolic syndrome components and atrial fibrillation risk. Comprehensive assessment allows individualized management and prevention of complications.