This article provides a comprehensive overview of the types of water meters and their operating principles. The article analyzes the design features, measurement principles, and technical indicators of mechanical (vane and turbine), electromagnetic, ultrasonic, vortex, and other modern meters. For each type, a working scheme, real photos, and examples of practical application are provided. Special attention is also paid to the differences between meters based on traditional and digital technologies, their advantages and limitations, and installation and maintenance requirements.

Mazkur maqolada bo‘lajak o‘qituvchilarning jismoniy madaniyatini sport pedagogikasi vositalari orqali rivojlantirish masalalari ilmiy jihatdan tahlil qilindi. Jismoniy madaniyatning shaxs kamolotidagi o‘rni, sport mashg‘ulotlarining nafaqat jismoniy, balki ruhiy va ijtimoiy rivojlanishga ko‘rsatadigan ta’siri keng yoritildi. Shuningdek, sport pedagogikasining nazariy asoslari va amaliy imkoniyatlari o‘rganilib, bo‘lajak pedagoglarda sog‘lom turmush tarzini shakllantirishning ustuvor yo‘nalishlari belgilandi. Tadqiqot natijalarida sport vositalaridan foydalanish bo‘lajak o‘qituvchilar kasbiy faoliyatida yuqori samaradorlik, ijtimoiy faollik va barkamollikka erishishning muhim omili ekanligi ilmiy asoslab berildi.

Malabsorption syndrome is a multifactorial clinical condition characterized by impaired digestion and absorption of nutrients in the small intestine. The disorder may arise from congenital enzyme deficiencies, chronic inflammatory diseases, pancreatic and hepatobiliary dysfunction, infectious agents, or structural intestinal abnormalities. Pathomorphological changes, such as villous atrophy, crypt hyperplasia, and inflammatory infiltration of the mucosa, are central to its development and progression. Clinically, malabsorption presents with both gastrointestinal symptoms, including chronic diarrhea, abdominal discomfort, and steatorrhea, as well as systemic manifestations such as anemia, bone demineralization, growth retardation, and neurological deficits. Diagnosis requires an integrated approach, combining biochemical, radiological, endoscopic, and histopathological evaluations.

Termiz V–VII asrlarda. Shahar joylashgan o’rni va tuzilishi haqida Xitoy manbalari. Termiz arablar istilosi davrida. Chag’oniyon (Sag’oniyon-Budrach). Somoniy­lar davrida Termiz, rejalashtirish, asosiy qurilishlar. Arab mualliflari ma’lumotlari. Termiz G’aznaviylar, Qoraxoniylar va Saljuqiylar davrida. Shahar tuzilishi va uning mavzelari, zamonaviy yirik shaharga aylanishi. Termiz mo’g’ullar istilosidan so’ng, shahar hududining o’zgarishi. Temuriylar davri tarixiy manbalarida Termiz shahri, uning vazifasi va qurilishi tarixi. Termiz so’nggi o’rta asrlar davrida.

Ushbu maqolada rivojlangan davlatlar moliyaviy nazorati tizimining shakllanishi, tashkiliy-huquqiy asoslari va samarali faoliyat yuritish mexanizmlari tahlil qilingan. Xususan, AQSh, Germaniya, Buyuk Britaniya va Yaponiya misolida davlat moliyaviy nazoratining institutsional modeli, mustaqil audit organlarining vakolatlari hamda parlament oldida hisobdorlik tizimi o‘rganilgan. Tadqiqot natijalari shuni ko‘rsatadiki, rivojlangan mamlakatlarda moliyaviy nazorat tizimining asosiy ustunliklari shaffoflik, mustaqillik va jamoatchilik ishtirokiga asoslangan. Ushbu tajribalar O‘zbekiston moliyaviy nazorat tizimini modernizatsiya qilishda, xususan, davlat byudjeti ustidan parlament va jamoatchilik nazoratini kuchaytirishda, xalqaro standartlarni keng tatbiq etishda muhim ahamiyat kasb etadi.