Orthodontic treatment fundamentally alters the ecological balance of the oral cavity, creating conditions that facilitate microbial accumulation and soft-tissue inflammation. As fixed appliances interfere with natural self-cleansing mechanisms, the need for personalized hygiene strategies becomes imperative. This theoretical review explores the development and effectiveness of individualized oral hygiene measures grounded in academic literature, clinical guidelines, and preventive dentistry concepts. Unlike standard instructions, individualized programs incorporate detailed assessments of patients’ behavioral characteristics, oral microbiome profiles, appliance types, and anatomical constraints. The article highlights emerging perspectives, including biofilm-targeted hygiene, risk-stratified preventive planning, and the integration of digital monitoring systems. It also examines how psychological, educational, and ergonomic factors influence hygiene performance during orthodontic treatment. The review emphasizes that individualized approaches not only improve plaque control but also reduce therapy interruptions, enhance patient autonomy, and support long-term oral health stability. The findings underscore the importance of adopting a multidimensional strategy that considers biological, behavioral, and technological determinants of hygiene efficacy in orthodontic patients.

Higher nervous activity (HNA) and memory are central components of human cognitive functioning, forming the foundation for perception, learning, problem-solving, and behavior regulation. This article explores the physiological and psychological mechanisms of HNA, including cortical-subcortical interactions, synaptic plasticity, conditioned reflexes, and types of inhibitory control. Memory is examined in relation to neural processing, consolidation, storage, and retrieval, emphasizing the role of the hippocampus, amygdala, limbic system, and cerebral cortex. Special attention is given to classical and operant conditioning, associative learning, and long-term potentiation (LTP) as biological mechanisms of memory formation. The article summarizes recent findings in neurobiology, cognitive science, and psychophysiology, highlighting their role in education, mental health, and behavioral training.

Baxshichilik san’atida Janubiy Oʻzbekiston dostonchilik maktablari oʻziga xos oʻringa ega boʻlib, uning badihagoʻyligi, aytish usulining shoʻxligi va repertuaridagi dostonlarning boshqa dostonchilik maktablarida uchramasligi kabi diqqatga sazovor jihatlari bor. Mazkur maqolada Chiroqchi dostonchilik maktabi repertuari, maktab vakillarining ijodiy an’analari va Shomurod shoirning badiiy mahorati haqida soʻz boradi.

Ushbu maqolada O‘zbekiston Respublikasining Konstitutsiyasi jamiyat va davlat hayotida tutgan o‘rni, inson huquq va erkinliklarini ta’minlashdagi roli, farovon jamiyat barpo etishdagi ahamiyati hamda islohotlarni huquqiy jihatdan mustahkamlashdagi vazifalari tahlil qilinadi. Shuningdek, yangi tahrirdagi Konstitutsiyaning demokratik tamoyillarni mustahkamlashga, kuchli fuqarolik jamiyatini shakllantirishga hamda inson qadri ulug‘lanadigan tuzum barpo etishga qo‘shayotgan hissasi ilmiy-nazariy asosda sharhlanadi.

This article analyzes the processes of formation and development of political parties in Iran during the reign of the Pahlavi dynasty (1925–1979), as well as their relationship with the state system. The study examines political freedoms, the role of opposition and governmental parties during the eras of Reza Shah and Mohammad Reza Shah, and the socio-political preconditions that led to the Islamic Revolution of 1979.