In recent years, the issue of studying world literature, studying it in a comparative manner with Uzbek literature, and teaching the subject of "world literature" as a subject in higher education institutions has become relevant. The issue of introducing the concept of world literature into scientific application and studying it separately as a subject will be studied separately in this article. Because today, like all other spheres of our country that are opening up to the world, this process is also rapidly developing in the field of science and literary studies. In fact, interest in world literature began in the pre-independence period. In particular, Fitrat, Cholpon, and later writers and literary scholars began to introduce world masterpieces and their authors to our people. After that, modern trends and directions began to enter Uzbek literature one after another. In modern literary studies, serious scientific research has begun to be conducted by F. Sulaymonova, M. Kholbekov, U. Jurakulov, D. Kuronov, B. Karimov, U. Hamdamov, and others. This article provides information about these studies.

Mazkur maqolada 5-sinf o’quvchilarining punktuatsion savodxonligini rivojlantirishning samarali pedagogik yondashuvlari va metodik asoslari yoritilgan. Nuqtalash qoidalarini o‘rgatish jarayonida o‘quvchilarning grammatik bilimlarini mustahkamlash, mantiqiy fikrlash, yozma nutq madaniyatini rivojlantirish hamda dars jarayonida innovatsion metodlarni qo‘llash samaradorligi ilmiy-nazariy jihatdan yondashilgan. Shuningdek, mavzuga oid mashq turlari, interaktiv usullar va baholash mezonlari o‘quvchilar punktuatsion ko‘nikmalarini shakllantirishda muhim vosita sifatida ko‘rsatib o‘tilgan.

Ushbu maqola fortepiano asbobi konstruktsiyasi, texnik imkoniyatlari va ijrochilik xususiyatlarini ilmiy jihatdan o‘rganishga bag‘ishlangan. Tadqiqot davomida fortepianoning tonal diapazoni, klaviatura va pedal mexanizmi, shuningdek, asbobning tovush ifodalash imkoniyatlari va ijrochilik texnikasiga ta’siri batafsil tahlil qilindi. Maqolada fortepianoning konstruktsion elementlari, materiallar, ohang sifati va pedagogik ahamiyati ham ko‘rib chiqildi. Shu bilan birga, ijrochilik jarayonida fortepianoning dinamik diapazoni, artikulyatsiya va pedallardan foydalanishning ijodiy imkoniyatlari tahlil qilindi. Tadqiqot natijalari pedagoglar va musiqachilar uchun fortepianodan samarali foydalanish, ijro mahoratini oshirish va musiqiy ifodaning boyitish imkoniyatlarini ko‘rsatadi. Ushbu ish fortepiano pedagogikasi, ijrochilik va asbobsozlik sohalarida ilmiy tadqiqotlar olib borish uchun asos sifatida xizmat qiladi.

Teacher morale and retention have become urgent concerns within modern educational systems, where increasing workloads, changing policy demands, and insufficient administrative support contribute to rising teacher turnover. This study investigates how school leadership practices influence teacher motivation, satisfaction, and long-term commitment. A mixed-methods case study design was applied, combining survey-based quantitative measures with qualitative insights from semi-structured interviews. Findings indicate that transformational and participatory leadership approaches significantly boost morale and retention, while authoritarian and transactional styles tend to decrease job satisfaction and increase attrition risk. The study highlights the necessity of leadership training in emotional intelligence, communication, and collaborative management to strengthen teacher well-being and institutional stability.

In the article, the effectiveness of foliar application of biofertilizers based on suspension preparations in sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) cultivar “Qora Shahzoda” was studied. The results showed that the biofertilizers increased photosynthetic intensity, improved nutrient uptake, and ensured a significant increase in yield and oil quality indicators compared to the control.