Ushbu maqolada ekologik innovatsiyalarni moliyalashtirish mexanizmlari sirkulyar iqtisodiyot paradigmasi doirasida tahlil qilinadi. Tadqiqot maqsadi zamonaviy yashil moliyalash vositalari, davlat va xususiy sektor hamkorligining samaradorligi hamda rivojlanayotgan mamlakatlarda investitsiya rag‘batlantirishning institutsional sharoitlarini o‘rganishdan iborat. Natijalar shuni ko‘rsatadiki, yashil obligatsiyalar, davlat-xususiy sheriklik modellari va fiskal rag‘batlantirish choralari sirkulyar iqtisodiyotga o‘tishda hal qiluvchi ahamiyat kasb etadi.

Ushbu ishda yorug`likning muhitlarda tarqalish tezligi muhitning sindirish ko‘rsatgichiga bog‘liqligini, bir moddali va ko’p moddali optik muhitlar hamda turli xil muhitlarda yorug’likning tarqalish jarayonlarining fizik xossalari tajribadan olingan natijalar asosida yoritilgan.

This article examines the role of youth in addressing climate change and promoting environmental sustainability. Young people have become increasingly active in environmental advocacy, participating in initiatives such as tree planting, recycling programs, and climate awareness campaigns. Engaging youth in sustainable practices fosters leadership, critical thinking, and community involvement, while also raising global awareness about environmental challenges. The study highlights barriers to youth participation, including limited access to resources, lack of guidance, and socio-economic constraints. Recommendations include integrating environmental education into school curricula, supporting youth-led initiatives, and leveraging digital platforms to enhance participation and advocacy. Encouraging active youth engagement in sustainability efforts contributes to a healthier planet and cultivates responsible future leaders.

Ushbu maqolada Surxondaryo viloyatining tarixiy yodgorliklaridan biri hisoblangan Makedon ko‘prigining tarixi, me’moriy xususiyatlari va madaniy meros sifatidagi ahamiyati yoritilgan. Ko‘prikning qurilish davri, uning nomlanishi bilan bog‘liq tarixiy ma’lumotlar hamda xalq orasida saqlanib qolgan rivoyatlar tahlil qilingan. Shuningdek, ushbu yodgorlikning bugungi kundagi holati va turizm rivojidagi o‘rni haqida ma’lumotlar keltirilgan.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has become one of the most serious global public health threats of the twenty-first century. The increasing ability of pathogenic microorganisms to develop resistance against antibacterial agents significantly complicates the treatment of infectious diseases and contributes to increased morbidity, mortality, and healthcare expenditures worldwide. This review article analyzes the major mechanisms of antibiotic resistance, epidemiological trends, clinically significant resistant pathogens, and the impact of antimicrobial resistance on healthcare systems. Scientific publications indexed in PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and WHO databases between 2020 and 2025 were reviewed using a narrative literature review approach. The findings demonstrate a global increase in multidrug-resistant organisms, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Acinetobacter baumanni. Irrational antibiotic prescribing, self-medication, excessive antibiotic use in agriculture, and insufficient infection-control measures remain the primary contributors to resistance development. The article emphasizes the importance of antimicrobial stewardship programs, early laboratory diagnostics, rational antibiotic use, and public health education in combating antimicrobial resistance. [3,5]