Сут бези саратони аёллар орасида кенг тарқалган онкологик касалликлардан бири бўлиб, уни эрта босқичда аниқлаш даволаш самарадорлигини ошириш ва касаллик оқибати билан боғлиқ салбий натижаларни камайтиришда муҳим аҳамиятга эга.

This study investigates the regulation of the structural properties of soil using composite additives based on water-soluble polyelectrolytes and an industrial wastewater-treatment residue referred to as “Bioshlam.” Poly (methacrylic acid) (PMAA) was synthesized by radical polymerization and chemically modified with amines of different hydrocarbon radical lengths to obtain compositionally different structure-forming materials

Purpose — This paper introduces and validates the ICRC (ISSAI Conformity and Reform Capability) index — a novel multi-dimensional methodological framework for assessing the compliance of Supreme Audit Institutions (SAIs) with INTOSAI's International Standards (ISSAI). The framework is specifically designed for medium-sized SAIs in transition economies, addressing a gap left by the more resource-intensive INTOSAI Performance Measurement Framework (PMF). Design/methodology/approach — The study employs a sequential explanatory mixed-methods design (Saunders et al., 2019). The ICRC index was constructed through a four-dimensional structure (Legal Conformity, Institutional Conformity, Operational Conformity, Reform Capability) comprising 17 assessment aspects, with weights derived through expert consensus (Delphi method, n=15). Reliability was tested using Cronbach's alpha. The framework was applied to the Accounts Chamber of the Republic of Uzbekistan as a case study. Findings — The ICRC index demonstrated acceptable internal consistency (α = 0.87). The Uzbek SAI achieved an overall ICRC score of 2.94/5.00 ("upper-medium" compliance). Dimensional decomposition revealed significant gaps in institutional independence (IC = 1.50) and ethics framework adoption (1.5/5), while reform capability (RC = 3.50) showed promise. The framework successfully identified prioritization pathways consistent with recent reform decrees (PF-100, 2024; PF-252, 2025). Research limitations/implications — The relatively small expert sample (n=15) constrains statistical generalization. Cross-validation with other Central Asian SAIs (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan) is recommended as a future research direction. Originality/value — This study contributes a parsimonious yet comprehensive assessment tool that fills a methodological gap for emerging SAIs. The introduction of "Reform Capability" as an explicit dimension distinguishes the ICRC from existing static frameworks.

В статье исследуется современное состояние правового регулирования охраны и рационального использования трансграничных водных ресурсов в Республике Узбекистан с учетом принятия нового Водного кодекса 2025 года. Показано, что Кодекс впервые на уровне кодифицированного акта закрепил понятия трансграничных вод, трансграничных водных объектов и трансграничного воздействия, а также специальную главу о международном сотрудничестве. Вместе с тем результативность новых норм зависит от их процессуальной конкретизации. Выявлены пробелы в регулировании предварительного уведомления о планируемой деятельности, оценки трансграничного воздействия, обмена сопоставимыми данными, совместного мониторинга, экологических расходов воды, доступа общественности к информации и возмещения трансграничного вреда. Предложена модель дальнейшего совершенствования законодательства, основанная на взаимосвязи Водного кодекса с законодательством об экологической оценке, цифровизации, экологическом контроле и юридической ответственности.

Mazkur maqolada hissiyotlar, stress va depressiya tushunchalarining psixologik mohiyati, ularning inson ruhiy salomatligiga ta’siri hamda o‘zaro bog‘liqligi ilmiy jihatdan tahlil qilingan. Shuningdek, stress va depressiyaning kelib chiqish sabablari, asosiy belgilari, oldini olish choralari hamda psixologik yordam ko‘rsatishning zamonaviy usullari yoritilgan. Maqolada stressning neyrofiziologik mexanizmlari, xususan, gipotalamus-gipofiz-buyrak usti bezi o‘qi (HPA o‘qi), kortizol va ayrim neyrotransmitterlarning roli haqida ma’lumotlar keltirilgan. Depressiyaning biologik, psixologik va ijtimoiy omillarning o‘zaro ta’siri natijasida yuzaga kelishini ifodalovchi biopsixosotsial yondashuvga alohida e’tibor qaratilgan. Tahlil natijalari shuni ko‘rsatadiki, hissiyotlarni boshqarish ko‘nikmalarini rivojlantirish, stressni samarali boshqarish, sog‘lom turmush tarziga rioya qilish va o‘z vaqtida psixologik yordam olish ruhiy salomatlikni mustahkamlash hamda depressiv holatlarning oldini olishda muhim ahamiyatga ega.