Ushbu maqolada 1980-yillarning ikkinchi yarmida AQSH va SSSR oʻrtasidagi "Sovuq urush" munosabatlarini yumshatishda Ronald Reygan va Mixail Gorbachov oʻrtasida kechgan norasmiy, yopiq muloqotlar hamda maxfiy diplomatiya tahlil qilinadi. Jeneva (1985) va Reykyavik (1986) sammitlari ortidagi parda orti jarayonlari, deklasifikatsiya qilingan arxiv hujjatlari hamda global xavfsizlikka transsivilizatsion gʻoyalarning ta'siri tadqiq etilgan.

Mazkur maqolada bojxona hududida qayta ishlash bojxona rejimini rivojlantirishda ilg‘or xorijiy davlatlar tajribasi ilmiy jihatdan tahlil qilingan. Xususan, Yevropa Ittifoqi, Turkiya, Buyuk Britaniya, Xitoy hamda Rossiya Federatsiyasida mazkur bojxona rejimini qo‘llashning huquqiy asoslari, ruxsatnoma berish mexanizmlari, bojxona nazorati, elektron axborot tizimlari, ekvivalent tovarlardan foydalanish hamda standart chiqish normalari o‘rganilgan. Tadqiqot davomida O‘zbekiston amaliyotidagi mavjud muammolar aniqlanib, xorijiy tajriba asosida ularni bartaraf etishga qaratilgan ilmiy taklif va tavsiyalar ishlab chiqilgan. Tadqiqot natijalari bojxona tartib-taomillarini soddalashtirish, tashqi iqtisodiy faoliyat ishtirokchilari uchun qulay sharoit yaratish hamda eksport salohiyatini oshirishga xizmat qiladi.

Ushbu ilmiy maqolada o‘zbek hikoyachiligiga o‘zining munosib hissasini qo‘shib kelayotgan Furqat Alimardonning “O‘tmagan kunlar" asari tahlil qilinadi. Asarda inson ruhiyati o‘tmish va bugun, insoniy qadriyatlarning badiiy ifodasi yoritiladi. Hikoyaning sujeti, kompozitsiyasi obrazlar tizimi tahlil qilinib, muallifning g‘oyaviy-badiiy mahorati ochib beriladi.

This article examines the sociolinguistic profile of a multilingual English as a Foreign Language (EFL) classroom in Uzbekistan and discusses its implications for language teaching and assessment. The study focuses on a group of 15 sixth-grade learners at School No. 142 in Yashnobod District, Tashkent. The learners are 12-13 years old and study English in a formal school context where Uzbek is the main language of classroom explanation and everyday communication. However, the group is not linguistically homogeneous: four learners are Uzbek-Tajik bilinguals from Bukhara and Navoi regions, while eleven learners are Uzbek-Russian bilinguals from Tashkent. Drawing on sociolinguistic theories of multilingualism, World Englishes, identity, language attitudes, code-switching, and linguistic profiling, the article argues that students' linguistic repertoires should be treated as educational resources rather than learning problems. The analysis shows that multilingual learners' English development is shaped by language background, regional identity, code-switching, classroom interaction, peer attitudes, and imagined future identities. The article also emphasizes that assessment in multilingual EFL classrooms should focus on intelligibility, communicative effectiveness, task completion, and fairness rather than native-like pronunciation. The findings suggest that sociolinguistically responsive pedagogy can support learners' confidence, reduce accent-based bias, and create more inclusive English classrooms in Uzbekistan.

Перинатальные поражения центральной нервной системы (ЦНС) на сегодняшний день занимают лидирующие позиции в структуре хронической детской заболеваемости и инвалидности. Вариативность этиологических факторов и витиеватость молекулярных каскадов повреждения детерминируют проблемы ранней топической и функциональной диагностики, а также прогнозирования отдаленного нейроонтогенетического исхода.