Ushbu maqolada rasmiy uslub matnlarida presuppozitsiyaning lingvopragmatik xususiyatlari tadqiq etiladi. Tadqiqotda rasmiy nutqda yashirin axborotning ifodalanishi, kommunikativ maqsadning yuzaga chiqishi hamda presuppozitsiyaning semantik va pragmatik imkoniyatlari tahlil qilinadi. Shuningdek, rasmiy uslubga xos til birliklari, sintaktik qurilmalar va nutqiy vositalarning presuppozitsion ma’no hosil qilishdagi o‘rni misollar asosida yoritiladi. Maqolada presuppozitsiyaning nutqiy tejamkorlikni ta’minlash, axborotni ixcham shaklda yetkazish hamda nutq ta’sirchanligini oshirishdagi ahamiyati ochib berilgan. Tadqiqot natijalari rasmiy uslubning pragmasemantik xususiyatlarini aniqlash hamda presuppozitsiya hodisasining zamonaviy tilshunoslikdagi o‘rnini belgilashda muhim ilmiy ahamiyat kasb etadi. Tadqiqot natijalari rasmiy nutqning pragmatik tabiatini chuqurroq anglash hamda zamonaviy tilshunoslikda presuppozitsiya masalalarini o‘rganishda muhim ilmiy manba bo‘lib xizmat qiladi.

Personal status constitutes one of the most significant domains of private international law, as issues relating to marriage, divorce, filiation, guardianship, legal capacity, and succession frequently involve conflicts among different legal systems. The determination of the applicable law in such matters plays a fundamental role in safeguarding legal certainty, protecting individual rights, and ensuring the stability of family relationships. The legal systems of Iran and Afghanistan, despite their shared Islamic legal heritage and cultural affinities, have developed distinct approaches to the resolution of conflict-of-laws issues concerning personal status. This study aims to undertake a comparative analysis of the conflict-of-laws rules governing personal status in the legal systems of Iran and Afghanistan. Employing a descriptive-analytical and comparative methodology, the research examines the conceptual foundations of personal status, the principal connecting factors utilized in determining the applicable law, and the legal treatment of key institutions such as marriage, divorce, parent–child relations, guardianship, tutorship, and legal capacity. Particular attention is devoted to the role of nationality as the primary connecting factor in both jurisdictions and to the challenges arising from characterization, public policy, multiple nationality, statelessness, and cross-border family relations. The findings indicate that both legal systems predominantly adhere to the nationality principle in matters of personal status, reflecting the close relationship between an individual’s legal identity and the state of nationality. Nevertheless, differences exist in the scope of application, judicial interpretation, and mechanisms adopted to address contemporary transnational legal disputes. The study further demonstrates that increasing international mobility, migration, and the emergence of complex family relationships necessitate a more flexible and functional approach to conflict-of-laws rules, particularly through greater consideration of factors such as habitual residence and the best interests of vulnerable persons. The article concludes that while the nationality-based approach continues to provide stability and predictability in personal status matters, legal reforms aimed at enhancing flexibility and accommodating modern transnational realities would contribute significantly to the effectiveness and fairness of private international law in both Iran and Afghanistan.

This article examines the semantic features of the lexical units found in Uzbek folk proverbs, together with the cultural codes, national-cultural symbols, and social-gender stereotypes they encode, within a comprehensive linguoculturological framework. The study draws on the annotated dictionary “Ma’nolar mahzani” [The Treasury of Meanings] by Sh. Shomaqsudov and Sh. Shorahmedov, as well as on the academic proverb collection compiled by T. Mirzayev, A. Musoqulov, and B. Sarimsoqov. Applying descriptive, componential, and linguoculturological methods of analysis, more than fifteen proverb samples were subjected to in-depth examination. The findings show that the lexical units of Uzbek folk proverbs manifest a unity of denotative and connotative meaning, expressing the deep strata of the national mentality through zoomorphic, phytomorphic, somatic, spatial, and color-based cultural codes. The analysis further identified stable linguistic forms of gender and social stereotypes within the proverbs. It was also observed that the people themselves adopt a critical, ironic stance toward the very stereotypes they have created, which attests to the fact that the proverb system is not unidirectional but rather internally contradictory and dynamic. The results obtained contribute to enriching the theory of Uzbek paremiology and linguoculturology.

This article examines the effectiveness of digital gamification tools in facilitating terminology acquisition within English for Specific Purposes (ESP) contexts. Drawing on empirical studies from 2015 to 2026, the review analyzes key platforms such as Kahoot!, Quizizz, Quizlet, and custom web applications, evaluating their impact on vocabulary retention, learner motivation, and contextual application of specialized terminology. The findings indicate that gamification significantly enhances ESP terminology acquisition, with experimental groups consistently outperforming traditional instruction groups. The article presents two comparative tables and a visual analysis of retention rates, offering practical recommendations for ESP educators seeking to integrate digital game-based learning into their curricula.

Ushbu maqolada hozirgi kundagi Axborot-kutubxona markazlariga aholining qatnovini ko‘paytirish va ularga qo‘shimcha zaruriy xizmat ko‘rsatishni tashkil etish, ularning ilm olishga bo‘lgan ehtiyojlarini qondirishlari uchun markazning o‘zida kengroq sharoit shakllantirish uchun markazning o‘zida turli soha bo‘yicha o‘quv dasturlarini yo‘lga qo‘yish borasida mavzu yoritilgan.