In this scientific article, a comparative analysis of the concepts of ethnicity and nation is carried out. First, the historical, cultural and political aspects of the concepts of ethnicity and nation are deeply studied in the article. the differences and similarities between these are analyzed, the social importance, role in society, and specific characteristics of each are highlighted.

This article is devoted to quantum chemical research, the influence of the number of methylene groups on the reactivity of propylenediamine. An analysis of the data on the electronic structure and energy characteristics makes it possible to determine the role of methylene groups in the reactivity of the reagents and the productivity of the synthesis.

In the article, the importance of the use of folk pedagogy in the education of children, as well as the educational importance of folk poetry from a scientific point of view.

This article presents some considerations on the pronunciation and spelling of new loanwords. The correspondence and inconsistencies between the spelling and pronunciation of loanwords are analyzed. Also, recommendations are given on determining the correct pronunciation and spelling of loanwords.

This article discusses the main types of temperament, their characteristics and their role in human personality. Temperament is the innate emotional and psychological characteristics of a person that shape social relationships, activities and emotional reactions. The article presents four main types of temperament: sanguine, choleric, phlegmatic and melancholic, and discusses the characteristics and advantages of each type. It also emphasizes the importance of understanding and comprehending temperament in personal development.