This article explores the development of compositional techniques in contemporary classical music from the late 20th to the early 21st century. It offers a concise overview and explanation of various stylistic trends that emerged during this period. The article highlights the pioneers and key figures behind these movements, emphasizing how modern composers responded to shifts in aesthetics, science, and society.

Ushbu maqolada O‘zbekiston Respublikasidagi davlat tashkilot va korxonalarida kiberxavfsizlikni ta’minlashda erishiladigan natijalarni tahlil qilish ko‘zda tutilgan. Bunda zamonaviy telekommunikatsiya tarmoqlari va axborot tizimlari orqali uzatiladigan xizmatlari uzluksizligini hamda ularning kiberxavfsizligini ta’minlash maqsadida eng zamonaviy yechimlar tahlil qilingan. Tadqiqot davomida davlat tashkilot va korxonalarida telekommunikatsiya infrastrukturasi apparat, dasturiy va apparatli-dasturiy vositalari xavfsizligini ta’minlash uchun axborot tizimining zamonaviy vositalar, funksional va tuzilmaviy ta’minotini monitoring qilishgacha bo‘lgan jarayonlar e’tiborga olingan.

Ushbu maqolada funksiyaning egilish nuqtalari tushunchasi, ularni aniqlash mezonlari hamda bu nuqtalarning funksiyalar grafigidagi ahamiyati yoritilgan. Maqolada ikkinchi tartibli hosila yordamida egilish nuqtasini topish usuli, qavariqlik va botiqlik atamalari bilan bog‘liq nazariy asoslar va misollar orqali mavzuning amaliy tomoni ko‘rsatib berilgan. Mazkur ish o‘quvchilarga va talabalar uchun funksiyalar grafigini tahlil qilish ko‘nikmalarini rivojlantirishga yordam beradi.

Mazkur maqolada tasviriy san’atning asosiy janrlari portret, manzara, natyurmort va mavzuli kompozitsiyalarda kompozitsiya ishlashning o‘ziga xos xususiyatlari o‘rganib chiqilib, tahlil qilindi. Har bir janrda kompozitsion usullar, undagi mazmun, ifoda, kompozitsion tuzilma va g‘oya berishdagi roli hamda ahamiyati yoritiladi, shuningdek, bo‘lajak rassomlar o‘zlashtirishi lozim bo‘lgan amaliy ishlashga o‘rgatish usullari kabi masalalarga e’tibor qaratilgan.

This study examines the historical and cultural background of English metaphors, focusing on how different eras and cultural shifts have influenced metaphorical language in English literature and communication. Metaphors, as fundamental elements of human cognition and linguistic expression, reflect the collective experiences, beliefs, and traditions of a society. By tracing the development of metaphors from ancient Anglo-Saxon times through the Middle Ages, the Renaissance, and into modern English usage, the study reveals how historical events, philosophical movements, and cultural transformations shaped the metaphorical worldview of English speakers. The research emphasizes the role of religion, mythology, exploration, industrialization, and globalization in enriching and diversifying metaphorical expressions. Through the analysis of various literary works, speeches, and everyday language, the study highlights how metaphors serve not only as artistic tools but also as mirrors of historical consciousness and cultural identity. Special attention is given to the way metaphors evolved alongside changes in social structures, technological advancements, and political ideologies.