Pneumonia is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in children with congenital hydrocephalus, posing unique challenges in diagnosis and treatment. This study aims to explore the specific features of pneumonia progression in children born with hydrocephalus, focusing on the interplay between neurological impairments and respiratory vulnerability. Hydrocephalus, a condition characterized by the abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain, can lead to various neurological deficits, which in turn increase the susceptibility to respiratory infections, including pneumonia. The study employs a retrospective analysis of clinical data from pediatric patients diagnosed with hydrocephalus who were also treated for pneumonia. Data were collected on the clinical presentation, diagnostic methods, treatment protocols, and outcomes of pneumonia in these patients. Key findings revealed that children with hydrocephalus often present with atypical pneumonia symptoms, including lethargy, irritability, and feeding difficulties, which complicates early diagnosis. Furthermore, respiratory defense mechanisms in these children are compromised due to poor neuromuscular control and swallowing dysfunction, leading to an increased risk of aspiration pneumonia.

This article provides a comprehensive overview of research conducted on the activities of schools and madrasas in the Kokand Khanate. It explores the types of educational institutions, the methods used to teach students, and the organizational aspects of classes. The work also reflects on historical accounts, foreign and local researchers' contributions, and the impact of traditional Islamic education on society in the region.

Mazkur maqolada yosh bolalarning psixologik tarbiyasi va uning inson hayotidagi ahamiyati yoritilgan. Bolaning psixik rivojlanishi, shaxs sifatida shakllanishi, atrof-muhitga moslashuvi, o‘zini anglash va boshqalar bilan munosabat o‘rnatish qobiliyati, aynan go‘daklik va erta yoshdagi tarbiya jarayoniga chambarchas bog‘liqdir. Maqolada oiladagi muhit, ota-ona va tarbiyachilarning roli, mehr-muhabbat, tushunish va emotsional qo‘llab-quvvatlash kabi psixologik omillar yoritib berilgan. Shuningdek, bolaning xarakteriga salbiy ta’sir ko‘rsatadigan omillar, masalan, befarqlik, jazolash, e’tiborsizlik kabi holatlar haqida ham so‘z yuritiladi. Muallif psixologik tarbiyaning sog‘lom jamiyat shakllanishidagi o‘rni va dolzarbligini asoslab beradi hamda amaliy tavsiyalarni taqdim etadi. Ushbu maqola o‘qituvchilar, tarbiyachilar, psixologlar hamda ota-onalar uchun foydali qo‘llanma bo‘la oladi.

This article explores the intricate relationship between language and culture, focusing on the role of aphorisms as a linguistic reflection of cultural values and societal norms. Through a linguacultural analysis, the study examines how aphorisms about the “motherland” capture deeply embedded cultural beliefs about national identity, loyalty, and belonging. Drawing on a wide range of academic sources, including works by Yule, Ter-Minasova, Scollon, and others, the article discusses the ways in which language both shapes and is shaped by cultural practices. It highlights the metaphorical use of language in expressing enduring ties to one’s homeland and analyzes how these metaphors are integral to understanding collective identity. In doing so, the paper connects theories of intercultural communication, linguistic anthropology, and cultural studies to show how aphorisms function as a powerful tool for conveying the symbolic relationship between individuals and their nation. Through this analysis, the article contributes to the broader discourse on language, culture, and communication, offering insights into the ways language serves as a vehicle for cultural expression and societal cohesion.

Yashil kimyo zamonaviy kimyoviy sintezga innovatsion yondashuvni ifodalaydi va atrof-muhitga minimal zarar yetkazuvchi texnologiyalarni ishlab chiqishga qaratilgan. Ushbu maqolada ekologik jihatdan xavfsiz sintez usullarini qo‘llash samaradorligi tahlil qilinib, atom iqtisodiyoti, hal qiluvchi (solvent) ishlatilmaydigan reaksiyalar va katalitik tizimlardan foydalanish orqali chiqindilar hosil bo‘lishining oldini olish imkoniyatlari ko‘rib chiqiladi. Biokataliz, mikroto‘lqinli nurlanish yordamida sintez va superkritik suyuqliklar kabi muqobil reaksiya usullari ekologik va iqtisodiy samaradorlik nuqtayi nazaridan baholanadi. Sanoat va ilmiy tadqiqot muhitida yashil kimyo tamoyillarini integratsiyalash natijasida energiya samaradorligi, resurslardan oqilona foydalanish va xavfli moddalarning kamayishi kabi muhim yutuqlarga erishilmoqda. Shuningdek, turli sintez yo‘llarining ekologik ta’sirini miqdoriy baholash maqsadida hayotiy sikl tahlili usullari qo‘llaniladi. Tadqiqot davomida zararli reagentlar o‘rniga barqaror muqobillar qo‘llangan muvaffaqiyatli yashil sintez strategiyalarining amaliy misollari tahlil qilinadi.