The recruitment and use of child soldiers by Houthi militias in armed conflict present significant legal and humanitarian challenges. This paper examines the legal implications of these actions, focusing on the applicable international legal framework and the potential avenues for accountability. International Humanitarian Law (IHL) and International Human Rights Law (IHRL) unequivocally prohibit the recruitment and use of children under the age of 18 in armed forces. These prohibitions are enshrined in treaties such as the Geneva Conventions Additional Protocols; Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC); Optional Protocol to the CRC on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict (2000) (OPAC), and as well as the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC). Moreover, the paper uses a doctrinal approach research design to systematically collect and analyze numerical data. The goal is to measure the extent of the problem, examine the legal consequences, and identify the challenges related to the recruitment and use of child soldiers by the Houthi militias. Furthermore, evidence suggests that Houthi forces have recruited children, deployed them in combat roles, and subjected them to various forms of abuse. These actions constitute war crimes under ICC, and individuals within the Houthi hierarchy may be held criminally responsible. However, bringing perpetrators to justice faces significant challenges, including the ongoing conflict, limited access to evidence, and political obstacles. This study underscores the urgency of addressing the Houthi's use of child soldiers and the importance of ensuring accountability for these grave violations of international law.

International criminal proceedings have been consistently criticized due to the lack of an international legislative system, mandatory competent courts, and organized enforcement mechanisms. These factors are essential for establishing a comprehensive and credible legal framework. These shortcomings were particularly evident during the Nuremberg and Tokyo trials, where reliance on the concept of "justice" could not fill the void left by the absence of "legality." The criticisms raised during and after these trials highlighted the importance of the principles of legality of crimes and punishments within international criminal law. Although the process of accepting and establishing these principles has been slow, it has progressed steadily. A historical examination of international criminal proceedings—from the Leipzig High Court in the early 20th century, the Nuremberg and Tokyo trials in the mid-century, the International Criminal Tribunals for the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda in the 1990s, and ad hoc tribunals like the Special Court for Sierra Leone to the International Criminal Court (ICC) at the beginning of the 21st century—demonstrates a profound and gradual evolution in the acceptance and implementation of the principles of legality of crimes and punishments. This process began with denial and initial indifference to these principles and ultimately reached a point where adherence to them was explicitly stated as a legal necessity. This evolution reflects the continuous efforts of the international community to strengthen the legal foundations of international criminal proceedings and ensure the rights of the accused.

In international documents, various definitions of torture have been presented, with the most comprehensive and reasonable being the definition provided in the Convention Against Torture of 1984. Article 1 of this Convention states that, for the purposes of the Convention, the term "torture" refers to any intentional act that causes severe physical or mental pain or suffering to a person, for the purpose of obtaining information or confessions from him or a third person. It also encompasses punishing a person for an act that he or a third person has committed or is suspected of committing, or threatening or coercing him or a third person. Punishment based on any form of discrimination is also considered torture. However, the same article adds that pain and suffering resulting from the inherent or incidental characteristics of lawful penalties are excluded from this definition. Among the international guarantees against torture in the international legal system are the Convention Against Torture of 1984, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the Geneva Conventions, the Statute of the International Criminal Court, the European Convention on Human Rights, the American Convention on Human Rights, and the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights. Establishing the position of the prohibition of torture in the international legal system as one of the absolute principles contributes to preventing violations of the prohibition of torture, upholding human rights, and ensuring fair trials within the judicial process.

Ushbu maqolada ramziy interaksionizm nazariyasining asosiy tamoyillari chuqur tahlil qilinadi. Tadqiqot asosida Blumer (1969), Mead (1934), Cooley (1902), Goffman (1959), Stryker (1980), Denzin (1992), Schutz (1967), Garfinkel (1967) kabi nazariya asoschilari va zamonaviy izlanishlar natijalari ko‘rib chiqiladi. Maqola ramziy interaksionizmning asosiy g‘oyalari – ma’no qurilishi, o‘zaro ta’sirning roli, shaxsning shakllanishi va ijtimoiy konstruktsiyalarni anglash mexanizmlarini keng ko‘lamda ilmiy ma’lumotlar, raqamlar va statistik dalillar yordamida tahlil qiladi. Natijalar sotsiologiya, psixologiya va ijtimoiy psixologiya fanlariga amaliy va nazariy hissa qo‘shadi.

В статье рассматривается значение научно-исследовательской деятельности в педагогике как инструмента поиска эффективных форм работы с детьми старшего дошкольного возраста. Особое внимание уделено использованию квест-игр как средства формирования навыков сотрудничества у детей 6–7 лет. Представлены результаты анализа теоретических подходов и обозначены практические рекомендации по организации квест-игр в образовательной деятельности.