Types of antonymy from the structural point of view are among the issues that have been studied in more detail. Nevertheless, this linguistic problem has not yet been fully resolved. In this article, some comments on structural types of antonymy were made.

Ushbu maqolada iqlim o'zgarishining asosiy sabablari va global miqyosdagi oqibatlari ko'rib chiqiladi. Adabiyotlar tahlili asosida iqlim o'zgarishiga olib keluvchi tabiiy va antropogen omillar, shuningdek, uning ekologik, iqtisodiy va ijtimoiy ta'sirlari o'rganiladi. Natijalar iqlim o'zgarishining jiddiy global muammo ekanligini va unga qarshi kurashish uchun keng ko'lamli xalqaro hamkorlik zarurligini ko'rsatadi. Maqolada iqlim o'zgarishini yumshatish va unga moslashish bo'yicha mavjud strategiyalar tahlil qilinadi va kelajakdagi chora-tadbirlar muhokama qilinadi.

В данной статье представлен исторический обзор развития литературного цикла как структурной формы организации произведений, охватывающего его эволюцию от ранних форм до современных произведений. Рассматриваются ключевые этапы и значимые авторы, оказавшие влияние на формирование литературного цикла. Особое внимание уделяется тематическому разнообразию и стилевым особенностям, которые характеризуют данную структуру. Анализируются взаимосвязи между отдельными произведениями внутри цикла и их влияние на общественное сознание. Цель статьи — выявить основные тенденции в развитии литературного цикла и его роль в литературном процессе.

The article deals with essential competences that are required for effective language learning and teaching in contemporary methodologies. It explores the skills essential for achieving effective language acquisition and instruction. The article highlights several key competences, including linguistic, intercultural, and subject didactic and explains how these skills work together to foster a well-rounded learning environment. Through a qualitative analysis of classroom practices, the article demonstrates that developing a balanced set of competences is crucial for both students and teachers to succeed in foreign language acquisition. The findings emphasize the importance of integrating intercultural awareness into language instruction, making the article highly relevant for educators seeking to enhance their teaching methods. This article contributes valuable insights into foreign language pedagogy and is a useful resource for both language teachers and curriculum developers.

The development of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is currently considered to be a chain of interaction between etiological and pathogenetic factors, among which the leading role is played by genetic predisposition, general changes, ischemia, primary local functional and dystrophic changes, disturbances in hydrostatics and hydrodynamics of the eye, increased intraocular pressure, vascular disorders, dystrophy and tissue degeneration. Purpose. The purpose of this study is to study the factors of endothelial dysfunction leading to a decrease in ocular hemoperfusion in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma. Methods. The study included 92 patients with POAG, aged 65 to 80 years. The level of lipid peroxidation and AOS, the lipid composition of the blood and the indicators of the complement system were studied before and after treatment. Conclusion. The study of indicators of oxidative stress and antioxidant status of blood serum according to the corresponding levels (high, medium and low) makes it possible to determine the risk of disease progression and evaluate the effectiveness of treatment in patients with POAG.