This article discusses folk oral culture and its specific features.

Qadimgi turkiy tillar, xususan XIII asrgacha bo‘lgan davr til materiallarini to‘plagan Sir Gerard Clauson o‘zining “An Etymological Dictionary of Pre-Thirteenth-Century Turkish” nomli nodir asarida turkiy tillar etimologiyasiga yirik hissa qo‘shgan. Mazkur lug‘atda minglab fe’llar fonetik, morfologik va semantik mezonlar asosida izohlangan. Qadimiy matnlardagi shakllari, turli turkiy lahjalardagi variantlari, qo‘llanish konteksti, hosila so‘zlar yasalishi haqida batafsil ma’lumotlar berilgan. Ushbu maqolada Sir Gerard Clausonning etimologik lugʻati asosida Chigʻatoy tilidagi ayrim fe’llarning kelib chiqishi, semantik o‘zgarishlari va boshqa turkiy tillardagi shakllari tahlil qilinadi. Etimologik izlanishlar orqali bu fe’llarning tarixiy-maʼnaviy qatlamlari yoritilib, ularning zamonaviy o‘zbek tilidagi izlari ko‘rsatiladi.

Ushbu maqolada Gerard Clauson tuzgan “An Etymological Dictionary of Pre-Thirteenth-Century Turkish” asari asosida Chigʻatoy tilidagi otlar grammatik tahlil qilinadi. Tadqiqot 821 ta otga asoslanib, ularning grammatik ko‘rinishlari, semantik yo‘nalishi va til tafakkuridagi o‘rni statistik jihatdan ko‘rsatib beriladi.

This article explores Iran-Ottoman relations during the Qajar era (1794–1925), highlighting both cooperation and competition between the two neighbors. Their collaboration brought significant achievements in economy, culture, politics, and security, while conflicts—mainly rooted in border issues, ethnic minorities, and foreign interventions (particularly Russian and British)—often led to wars. Despite these tensions, efforts to maintain peaceful relations marked this era as relatively stable compared to earlier periods like the Safavid, Afsharid, and Zand dynasties. Key events such as the First and Second Treaties of Erzurum reflect the deepening of bilateral ties. Although full success was not achieved, this period holds a notable place in the history of both nations for fostering cooperation in political, cultural, economic, and military spheres. The study adopts a descriptive and library-based research approach, concluding that these shared interests are strong foundations for continued collaboration.

Mazkur maqolada offshor kompaniyalarining xalqaro xususiy huquq doirasidagi huquqiy maqomi tahlil qilinadi. Asosiy e’tibor kompaniyaga nisbatan qo‘llaniladigan shaxsiy qonunni (lex societatis) aniqlovchi ikkita asosiy yondashuv — inkorporatsiya nazariyasi va asosiy faoliyat ko‘rsatiladigan joy nazariyasining (real seat theory) nazariy hamda amaliy tafovutlariga qaratiladi. Tadqiqotda qiyosiy-huquqiy, keys-tahlil va doktrinal yondashuvlar orqali offshor yurisdiktsiyalarning huquqiy xususiyatlari, xalqaro sud amaliyoti va O‘zbekiston qonunchiligidagi mavjud tartiblar tahlil qilinadi.