Mazkur maqolada O‘zbekistonda nodavlat notijorat tashkilotlari (NNT) faoliyatini tartibga soluvchi qonunchilik hujjatlarining holati va ularni takomillashtirish zarurati tahlil qilingan. NNTlar faoliyatini tartibga soluvchi normativ-huquqiy bazaning ko‘pligi, tarqoqligi va o‘zaro nomuvofiqligi ularning samarali faoliyat yuritishiga salbiy ta’sir ko‘rsatayotganini asoslab berilgan. Shuningdek, NNTlarning tashkiliy-huquqiy shakllarini aniq belgilashdagi muammolar, yuridik terminlarning chalkashligi, ayrim shakllarning qonunchilikda noto‘g‘ri tasniflanishi kabi muhim masalalarga e’tibor qaratilgan. Tadqiqot ishida xalqaro huquq tajribalariga asoslangan holda NNTlar faoliyatini tartibga soluvchi yagona kodeks ishlab chiqish, “NNT to‘g‘risida”gi qonunga yangi modda va ta’riflar kiritish, shuningdek “NNT” atamasini “jamoat tashkilotlari” bilan almashtirish kabi takliflarni ilgari surilgan. Maqola NNTlar faoliyatini huquqiy jihatdan tartibga solish mexanizmlarini takomillashtirishga oid dolzarb ilmiy-amaliy masalalarni yoritadi.

Ushbu maqolada mental arifmetikaning boshlang‘ich sinf o‘quvchilarining matematik tafakkurini rivojlantirishdagi roli o‘rganiladi. Mental arifmetika nafaqat tez hisoblash malakalarini, balki tafakkur, xotira, diqqat va tasavvur kabi kognitiv kompetensiyalarni ham rivojlantiradi. Tadqiqotda turli metodlar asosida tajriba sinf o‘quvchilari bilan ish olib borilib, ularning natijalari tahlil qilindi.

Legal capacity, defined as an individual’s competence to acquire rights and bear obligations, is recognized as a fundamental principle in all legal systems. This study conducts a comparative analysis of commercial capacity within the legal frameworks of Afghanistan and Egypt. The central question of the research is whether the rules governing capacity in commercial matters are similar to those applied in civil affairs, or whether there are fundamental differences between the two domains. The aim of this study is to analyze and compare the concept of commercial capacity in the two legal systems and to examine whether legally incapacitated individuals are permitted to engage in commercial activities. The research adopts a descriptive-analytical method and is based on legal sources from both countries. The findings reveal that although the foundational principles of capacity are similar in both legal systems, there are notable differences in how these principles are applied. In particular, individuals under legal incapacity are not allowed to independently engage in commercial activities, even with the permission of a guardian or curator. Moreover, guardians or curators are also prohibited from conducting commercial activities on behalf of those under their care. This study is significant because a comparative examination of these laws can enhance the understanding and application of capacity rules in commercial matters in both countries.

Ушбу мақола жиноят ҳуқуқий нормалар рақобатида қилмишни квалификация қилишнинг назарий ва амалий жиҳатларини кўриб чиқади. Мақолада жиноятлар ва уларнинг квалификацияси жараёнидаги муаммолар, жиноят ҳуқуқий нормалар орасидаги рақобат ва бу ҳолатнинг ҳуқуқий тизимдаги таъсири таҳлил қилинган. Жиноятларни тўғри классификация қилишда юзага келадиган қийинчиликлар, нормаларнинг бевосита қўлланилиши ва ҳукм чиқаришдаги хато омиллари баён этилган. Мақолада шунингдек, жиноят ҳуқуқи соҳасидаги норматив ҳужжатларнинг такомиллаштирилиши ва амалий тажрибалар орқали квалификацияни тўғри ишлатиш усуллари ҳам кўрсатилган. Судлар ва ҳуқуқшунослар учун амалиёт ва назарий жиҳатларнинг ўзаро алоқаси муҳим эътиборга олинган. Мақола жиноят ҳуқуқи нормалар рақобатини минималлаштириш ва квалификация қилиш жараёнини такомиллаштиришга қаратилган амалий тавсиялар билан якунийлашади.

This article explores the complex pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the development of kidney failure. It highlights the key roles of hemodynamic changes, cellular injury, inflammation, oxidative stress, and hormonal imbalances in the progression of renal dysfunction. The chronic activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and its contribution to fibrosis and nephron loss are discussed in detail. The article also examines how inflammatory processes and oxidative damage exacerbate kidney tissue injury, while hormonal disturbances contribute to systemic complications such as anemia and mineral imbalance. Emphasis is placed on the importance of early detection and targeted treatment strategies to slow disease progression and improve patient outcomes. The review concludes with a discussion on future research directions aimed at developing novel diagnostic markers and therapeutic approaches for kidney failure.