Mazkur maqolada boshlang‘ich sinf o‘quvchilarining ijodiy qobiliyatlarini shakllantirish va rivojlantirish masalasi nazariy va metodik jihatdan yoritilgan. Xususan, ona tili darslari misolida o‘quvchilarning mustaqil fikrlashi, tasavvuri va nutqiy faolligini oshirishga xizmat qiluvchi samarali usullar tahlil qilinadi. Ijodkorlikni rivojlantirishda darsning mazmuni, metodikasi hamda o‘qituvchining yondashuvi muhim omillar sifatida ko‘rib chiqiladi.

Maqolada tibbiy tashxis qilish jarayonida qo‘llaniladigan ko‘p sinfli klassifikatsiya masalalarini yechish uchun ansamblli o‘rganish yondashuvlaridan foydalanish masalasi qaralgan. Stacking, Random Forest va LightGBM ansambl usullaridan foydalanib o‘quv tanlanmalaridagi klassifikatsiya aniqligini hisoblash kabi ishlar natija sifatida olingan.

Mazkur maqolada Shayboniylar davlati (1500–1599) davridagi ijtimoiy tuzilma va davlat tomonidan amalga oshirilgan islohotlar tarixiy manbalar asosida tahlil qilinadi. Jamiyatning asosiy qatlamlari – hukmdorlar, diniy ulamolar, harbiylar, dehqonlar va savdogarlar o‘rtasidagi o‘zaro munosabatlar, ularning davlat boshqaruvidagi o‘rni va vazifalari yoritiladi. Shuningdek, ma’muriy, harbiy, yer-soliq va diniy sohalarda olib borilgan islohotlar mazmuni hamda ularning jamiyat barqarorligiga ta’siri ochib beriladi. Maqola ijtimoiy taraqqiyotga ta’sir etgan tarixiy omillarni chuqur anglashga xizmat qiladi.

This article explores the complex pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the development of kidney failure. It highlights the key roles of hemodynamic changes, cellular injury, inflammation, oxidative stress, and hormonal imbalances in the progression of renal dysfunction. The chronic activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and its contribution to fibrosis and nephron loss are discussed in detail. The article also examines how inflammatory processes and oxidative damage exacerbate kidney tissue injury, while hormonal disturbances contribute to systemic complications such as anemia and mineral imbalance. Emphasis is placed on the importance of early detection and targeted treatment strategies to slow disease progression and improve patient outcomes. The review concludes with a discussion on future research directions aimed at developing novel diagnostic markers and therapeutic approaches for kidney failure.

This theoretical research explores the economic views of Abdurauf Fitrat, a prominent Central Asian thinker, by comparing them with his contemporaries and interpreting them through a modern lens. Fitrat's ideas reflect a synthesis of Islamic economic principles and modernist thought. By conducting a comparative analysis with regional and global economic thinkers of his time, this paper aims to highlight the unique aspects of his vision. The study uses a descriptive-analytical method and draws on primary texts, archival material, and secondary scholarly interpretations.