The article examinesthe issues of stdying phraseological units in linguistics.

Types of antonymy from the structural point of view are among the issues that have been studied in more detail. Nevertheless, this linguistic problem has not yet been fully resolved. In this article, some comments on structural types of antonymy were made.

Ushbu maqolada iqlim o'zgarishining asosiy sabablari va global miqyosdagi oqibatlari ko'rib chiqiladi. Adabiyotlar tahlili asosida iqlim o'zgarishiga olib keluvchi tabiiy va antropogen omillar, shuningdek, uning ekologik, iqtisodiy va ijtimoiy ta'sirlari o'rganiladi. Natijalar iqlim o'zgarishining jiddiy global muammo ekanligini va unga qarshi kurashish uchun keng ko'lamli xalqaro hamkorlik zarurligini ko'rsatadi. Maqolada iqlim o'zgarishini yumshatish va unga moslashish bo'yicha mavjud strategiyalar tahlil qilinadi va kelajakdagi chora-tadbirlar muhokama qilinadi.

В данной статье представлен исторический обзор развития литературного цикла как структурной формы организации произведений, охватывающего его эволюцию от ранних форм до современных произведений. Рассматриваются ключевые этапы и значимые авторы, оказавшие влияние на формирование литературного цикла. Особое внимание уделяется тематическому разнообразию и стилевым особенностям, которые характеризуют данную структуру. Анализируются взаимосвязи между отдельными произведениями внутри цикла и их влияние на общественное сознание. Цель статьи — выявить основные тенденции в развитии литературного цикла и его роль в литературном процессе.

The article deals with essential competences that are required for effective language learning and teaching in contemporary methodologies. It explores the skills essential for achieving effective language acquisition and instruction. The article highlights several key competences, including linguistic, intercultural, and subject didactic and explains how these skills work together to foster a well-rounded learning environment. Through a qualitative analysis of classroom practices, the article demonstrates that developing a balanced set of competences is crucial for both students and teachers to succeed in foreign language acquisition. The findings emphasize the importance of integrating intercultural awareness into language instruction, making the article highly relevant for educators seeking to enhance their teaching methods. This article contributes valuable insights into foreign language pedagogy and is a useful resource for both language teachers and curriculum developers.