In order to effectively combat various forms of transnational and international crimes, the global community has intensified judicial cooperation and mutual legal assistance at the international level. One of the most significant forms of such cooperation is the extradition of offenders, which is carried out based on bilateral or multilateral agreements or in accordance with regional and international conventions. Linguistically, extradition refers to the act of reclaiming, requesting the return, or sending back an individual. In legal terminology, it encompasses a series of measures undertaken to return a criminal from the country of residence to the country where the crime was committed. As crime rates increase, offenders attempt to evade punishment by fleeing abroad, seeking refuge in another country to escape prosecution for their crimes. The practice of extradition has a long historical precedent, evident across various periods, including ancient, medieval, and modern times. The issue of extradition is governed by specific rules and regulations, encompassing legal principles, procedural mechanisms, and associated challenges.

Bugungi kunda sportning dolzarbligi jismoniy, ijtimoiy, iqtisodiy va psixologik sohalarda katta ahamiyatga ega. Sport nafaqat salomatlikni yaxshilash va jismoniy faollikni oshirish vositasi sifatida, balki jamiyatdagi ijtimoiy aloqalarni rivojlantirish, global miqyosda birlashish, iqtisodiy rivojlanish va yoshlarni tarbiyalashda ham muhim rol o‘ynaydi. Ushbu maqola sportning dolzarbligini har tomonlama tahlil qiladi. Uning ahamiyati jismoniy salomatlik, ruhiy farovonlik, ijtimoiy barqarorlik va iqtisodiy rivojlanish bilan bog‘liq jihatlar orqali o‘rganiladi. Sportning yoshlar tarbiyasidagi roli, gender tengligi masalalari, hamda sportda texnologiyalarning ta’siri ham yoritiladi. Maqolada sportning psixologik foydalari, homiylik va reklama orqali iqtisodiy imkoniyatlar va raqamli texnologiyalarning sport sohasidagi o‘rni ham alohida ko‘rib chiqiladi. Sportning global miqyosdagi ahamiyati va diplomatiya sohasidagi roli ham muhokama qilinadi.

The civil liability of physicians in Islamic jurisprudence and the statutory laws of Afghanistan is one of the complex and sensitive issues in medical law, referring to the responsibility of doctors towards patients and the consequences resulting from their medical actions. Civil liability of a physician means their obligation to compensate for financial, physical, or emotional damages caused to patients. This liability typically arises when a doctor fails to fulfill their duties or performs unauthorized or negligent medical procedures. The aim of this study is to examine the conditions and circumstances under which physicians are held civilly liable under Islamic jurisprudence and Afghan statutory law. The central question of this research is: under what conditions and circumstances is a physician liable according to Islamic jurisprudence and Afghanistan’s laws? It appears that if a physician causes harm to a patient due to negligence, lack of caution, or excessive treatment, they are considered liable. This research is conducted through library-based sources and employs a descriptive-analytical method. The findings indicate that a physician cannot be deemed absolutely liable or entirely acquitted; rather, they are liable in cases where they fail to obtain prior consent (discharge of liability), lack sufficient expertise, or commit negligence. Otherwise, they are not considered liable.

Mazkur ishda Shashmaqom tizimining musiqiy tuzilishi, uning asosiy qismlari, lad-tonal tizimi va kompozitsion qurilishi chuqur tahlil qilinadi. Shuningdek, Shashmaqomning estetik asoslari, ya’ni ohang, ritm, poetik mazmun va ijro uslubining o‘zaro uyg‘unligi orqali yaratilgan go‘zallik mezonlari yoritiladi. Tadqiqotda Shashmaqomning o‘ziga xosligi, milliy musiqiy tafakkurdagi o‘rni hamda madaniy meros sifatidagi qadriyati nazariy va amaliy jihatdan asoslab beriladi. Shashmaqomning badiiy-estetik ta’siri uning ijro an’analari, tinglovchi bilan muloqoti va musiqiy obrazlar yaratish vositalari orqali ochib beriladi.

Ushbu maqola jismoniy tarbiya darslarida zamonaviy ta'lim berish usullarining ahamiyatini tahlil qiladi. Maqolada zamonaviy pedagogik texnologiyalar, interaktiv metodlar, gamifikatsiya, multimedia vositalari va individuallashtirilgan yondashuvlarning ta'lim jarayoniga qanday ta'sir ko'rsatishi va o'quvchilarning jismoniy, ruhiy va ijtimoiy rivojlanishiga qanday hissa qo'shishi ko'rib chiqiladi. Zamonaviy usullar nafaqat jismoniy salomatlikni yaxshilash, balki o'quvchilarni motivatsiya qilish, o'ziga bo'lgan ishonchni oshirish va sport faoliyatida samarali ishtirok etish uchun zarur ko'nikmalarni rivojlantirishga yordam beradi. Maqola shuningdek, texnologiyalarni jismoniy tarbiya darslarida qo'llash, tashqi muhitni ta'lim jarayoniga jalb qilish va o'quvchilarga rag'batlantiruvchi muhit yaratish haqida muhokama qiladi. Barcha metodlar orqali jismoniy tarbiya darslari yanada interaktiv, samarali va qiziqarli bo'lishi mumkin.