Summative assessments, which have been ingrained into teaching models for years, evaluate how much a student has learned at the end of a block of teaching. Summative assessments can include papers, exams, and final projects. Each student’s learning is compared against a standard or benchmark. Formative assessments, which are gaining popularity in teaching, evaluate in “real time” how much a student has learned. Formative assessment can include strategic questioning (of one or all students), quizzes, tests that asks students to explain their thinking, and group projects.
Ushbu maqola sanoatda qo’llaniladigan “soda” nomi bilan turli xil kimyoviy moddalarni ishlab chiqarishda qo’llaniladigan soda turlari va tarkibi, xossalari keltirib o’tilgan. Soda suyuqlanmasini hosil qilish kimyoviy reaksiyalar yordamida tushuntirilib o’tilgan. Shuningdek ushbu maqolada NaOH ning gammalarda eruvchanligi va NaOH ning suvli eritmalarining qaynash harorati jadvallarga asoslangan holda tasvirlab berilgan.