Diabetes is a disease that occurs as a result of impaired carbohydrate and water metabolism in the body. It is a consequence of impaired pancreatic function. The pancreas produces the hormone insulin. Insulin is involved in the processing of sugar. Without this hormone, the body cannot maintain the level of glucose in the blood at normal levels and its level increases. As a result, the body excretes excess glucose through the urine.

Fair competition in the marketplace benefits consumers, sellers, and society; however, in some cases, certain traders may resort to unfair methods or violate competition laws and harm each other's commercial interests. In such cases, the issues of civil and criminal liability arise from unfair competition. Unfair competition can be defined as any competition that is conducted contrary to the norms of honorable conduct and trade. It is an aggressive behavior that arises from the misuse of a specific freedom related to commercial activities that is not inherently prohibited and is permissible when used normally. The legislator has defined acceptable methods and fair competition to maintain market order and gain profit, and traders must use these legal methods in their transactions to avoid causing disorder in the market and harm to others. This article examines the enforcement mechanisms arising from unfair commercial competition in the legal system of Afghanistan. The findings indicate that the enforcement mechanisms arising from unfair competition in the legal system of Afghanistan include: compensation for damages, restoration of the previous state, monetary fines and in some cases imprisonment.

The topic "Statistical study of relationships between events" is one of the main directions of statistics, aimed at determining the interaction of various processes and events. This topic allows us to understand the cause-and-effect relationships between events by studying the quantitative relationship between them. Statistical methods, in particular, correlation and regression analysis, analysis of variance, and analysis of variation, assess the interrelationship of events and the strength of the relationship between them. This topic is of particular importance in linking theoretical knowledge with practice and is effectively used in various fields such as economics, social sciences, healthcare, and agriculture. Through these studies, it is possible to organize decision-making processes on a scientific basis, effectively use resources, and develop development strategies. Therefore, the study of statistical relationships is important in solving current problems in science and practice.

This article explores the concept of accountability in international organizations, focusing on how control by members and access to information are critical indicators of accountability. It highlights the mechanisms through which member states or shareholders can exert influence over decision-making processes, especially in intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations. The article delves into the roles of governing and executive bodies in these organizations, examining the importance of equitable representation and transparency. It also addresses how access to information influences organizational accountability, emphasizing that without proper disclosure, stakeholders cannot effectively hold organizations accountable. Additional indicators, such as the process of appointing senior officials, decision enforcement, evaluation procedures, consultation with external stakeholders, complaint mechanisms, and social responsibility, are briefly discussed.

This article is devoted to quantum chemical research, the influence of the number of methylene groups on the reactivity of propylenediamine. An analysis of the data on the electronic structure and energy characteristics makes it possible to determine the role of methylene groups in the reactivity of the reagents and the productivity of the synthesis.