Ushbu maqolada Saljuqiylar davlatining ma’muriy boshqaruvi, undagi davlat lavozimlari va ularning vazifalari yoritildi. Maqolada O‘rta asrlarda faoliyat yuritgan ushbu davlatning devon va boshqaruv tizimi va dargohda faoliyat ko‘rsatgan davlat lavozimlari ularning vazifalari haqida ma’lumotlar ochib berildi.

В данной статье рассматриваются правила наследования по закону в Республике Узбекистан. Он углубляется в правовую основу, регулирующую наследство, фокусируясь на ключевых принципах и правилах, изложенных в Гражданском кодексе Узбекистана. В статье представлен обзор различных категорий наследников, порядка наследования и распределения наследства умершего. Кроме того, рассматриваются процедуры предъявления претензий на право наследования и возможные правовые вопросы, которые могут возникнуть в процессе наследования. Подчеркивая особенности узбекского наследственного права, данная статья направлена на предоставление всестороннего понимания того, как регулируется и осуществляется наследование в стране.

Mazkur maqolada turizm etikasi tushunchasi, uning asosiy tamoyillari va amaliy ahamiyati keng yoritilgan. Turizm etikasi — bu sayyohlar, xizmat ko‘rsatuvchilar, mahalliy aholi va ekologik muhit o‘rtasidagi axloqiy munosabatlarni tartibga soluvchi me’yorlar majmui bo‘lib, u o‘zaro hurmat, mas’uliyat, halollik, madaniyatlararo muloqot va adolat prinsiplariga asoslanadi. Maqolada turizmda etik qadriyatlarning sayyohlar va mezbonlar o‘rtasidagi ijobiy munosabatlarga, xizmat sifati va mamlakatning xalqaro imijiga ta’siri alohida ta’kidlangan. Ushbu maqolada muallif tomonidan tarixiy va madaniy meros ob’ektlariga nisbatan ehtiyotkorlik, ekologik barqarorlikka e’tibor, xizmat ko‘rsatishdagi madaniyat va mehmondo‘stlik kabi omillar barqaror turizm asosini tashkil etuvchi mezonlar sifatida ko‘rsatilgan. Shuningdek, etika va barqaror rivojlanish o‘rtasidagi bog‘liqlik, yosh avlodni etik ong asosida tarbiyalash, ta’lim tizimiga etik me’yorlarni kiritish zaruriyati ham tahlil etilgan. Maqola natijasida, turizmda etik yondashuv nafaqat axloqiy, balki ijtimoiy, iqtisodiy va madaniy jihatdan ham rivojlanishning muhim omili ekanligi xulosa sifatida ilgari suriladi.

In international documents, various definitions of torture have been presented, with the most comprehensive and reasonable being the definition provided in the Convention Against Torture of 1984. Article 1 of this Convention states that, for the purposes of the Convention, the term "torture" refers to any intentional act that causes severe physical or mental pain or suffering to a person, for the purpose of obtaining information or confessions from him or a third person. It also encompasses punishing a person for an act that he or a third person has committed or is suspected of committing, or threatening or coercing him or a third person. Punishment based on any form of discrimination is also considered torture. However, the same article adds that pain and suffering resulting from the inherent or incidental characteristics of lawful penalties are excluded from this definition. Among the international guarantees against torture in the international legal system are the Convention Against Torture of 1984, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the Geneva Conventions, the Statute of the International Criminal Court, the European Convention on Human Rights, the American Convention on Human Rights, and the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights. Establishing the position of the prohibition of torture in the international legal system as one of the absolute principles contributes to preventing violations of the prohibition of torture, upholding human rights, and ensuring fair trials within the judicial process.

The civil liability of physicians in Islamic jurisprudence and the statutory laws of Afghanistan is one of the complex and sensitive issues in medical law, referring to the responsibility of doctors towards patients and the consequences resulting from their medical actions. Civil liability of a physician means their obligation to compensate for financial, physical, or emotional damages caused to patients. This liability typically arises when a doctor fails to fulfill their duties or performs unauthorized or negligent medical procedures. The aim of this study is to examine the conditions and circumstances under which physicians are held civilly liable under Islamic jurisprudence and Afghan statutory law. The central question of this research is: under what conditions and circumstances is a physician liable according to Islamic jurisprudence and Afghanistan’s laws? It appears that if a physician causes harm to a patient due to negligence, lack of caution, or excessive treatment, they are considered liable. This research is conducted through library-based sources and employs a descriptive-analytical method. The findings indicate that a physician cannot be deemed absolutely liable or entirely acquitted; rather, they are liable in cases where they fail to obtain prior consent (discharge of liability), lack sufficient expertise, or commit negligence. Otherwise, they are not considered liable.