Diabetik nefropatiya (DN) —Qandli diabet kasalligiga xos bo‘lgan og‘ir asoratlardan biri bo‘lib, so’ngi bosqichdagi buyrak yetishmovchiligi (SBBY)ning asosiy sababidir. Garchi mikro- va makroalbuminuriya DNni aniqlashda "oltin standart" bo‘lib kelgan bo‘lsa-da, yangi ma’lumotlarga ko‘ra, buyrak shikastlanishi siydikdagi albumin miqdori ortishidan ancha oldin boshlanadi. An’anaviy ravishda DNning oldini olish bo‘yicha klinik tavsiyalar qonda glyukoza miqdori, qon bosimi va lipid darajasini nazorat qilishga qaratilgan. Surunkali buyrak yetishmovchiligi (SBY)dagi dislipidemiya, asosan, triglitseridlarning ko‘payishi, yuqori zichlikdagi lipoprotein (YZLP) kamayishi va past zichlikdagi lipoprotein (PZLP) o‘zgaruvchan darajalari bilan tavsiflanadi. Bundan tashqari, juda past zichlikdagi lipoproteinlar (JPZLP) almashinuvi buzilgan bo‘ladi. SBY rivojlanishi va uning davosi lipid almashinuviga ham ta’sir ko‘rsatadi va dislipidemiya holatini yanada og‘irlashtiradi. Ushbu patofiziologik mexanizmlarni chuqur tushunish — DN va SBYga chalingan bemorlar uchun lipidlar miqdorini optimal boshqarish va natijalarni yaxshilashda muhim ahamiyatga ega.

Ushbu maqolada globallashuv jarayonining maktab ta’lim tizimiga ta’siri hamda o‘quvchilarni tarbiyalashda innovatsion yondashuvlarning ahamiyati tahlil qilinadi.

This article explores the role of contextualized learning in enhancing communicative competence among senior secondary school students in English language classrooms. Drawing on sociolinguistic and pedagogical theories, the study investigates how real-life contexts and meaningful language use contribute to learners’ ability to communicate effectively. The paper reviews relevant literature, presents classroom-based findings, and discusses practical implications for English language teaching in secondary education.

Ushbu maqolada Atoiy devonida kelgan etnonimlar tahlil etiladi. Devonda uchraydigan etnik nomlar turli xalqlar, qabilalar bilan bog`liq bo`lib, ularning leksik-semantik va badiiy-estetik vazifalari yoritilgan. Shoir ijodida etnonimlarning qo`llanish uslubiyati hamda o`ziga xosliklari ochib beriladi. Etnik birliklarning qo`llashdagi Atoiyning badiiy mahorati yoritiladi.

This study provides a comprehensive analysis of nanotechnology-based medical implants, emphasizing their transformative impact on modern biomedical engineering and clinical practice. The integration of nanomaterials and nanoscale surface modifications into implant design has demonstrated significant improvements in biocompatibility, mechanical strength, and functional longevity, thereby enhancing patient outcomes and reducing postoperative complications. The research systematically reviews current advancements in nanocoatings, nanoscale drug delivery mechanisms, and biomimetic surface engineering, which collectively contribute to enhanced osseointegration and antimicrobial properties. Furthermore, the study critically addresses existing challenges, including biotoxicity risks, fabrication scalability, and regulatory hurdles that impede widespread clinical adoption. By elucidating the interdisciplinary approaches underpinning the development of nanotechnology-enabled implants, this work highlights the potential to revolutionize therapeutic strategies and implantable device performance.