Since gaining independence in 1991, Uzbekistan has undergone substantial transformations in its education system, particularly in primary education. The government has prioritized educational reform as a key driver of national development, aligning its efforts with global standards and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This article reviews the major reforms in Uzbekistan’s primary education sector, highlighting notable achievements such as curriculum modernization, improved infrastructure, and expanded access to early childhood education. It also discusses persistent challenges, including disparities in rural education, teacher training needs, and systemic implementation gaps. The analysis underscores the importance of sustained policy commitment, capacity building, and inclusive approaches for long-term success.

Modernizing national curricula has become a global priority in the effort to prepare young learners for the demands of the 21st century. This article explores how curriculum modernization affects primary education, focusing on changes in content, pedagogy, assessment, and equity. It considers both the opportunities and challenges associated with implementing modern educational frameworks, especially in the context of technological advancement and diverse learner needs. The article concludes that while modernization brings numerous benefits—including enhanced engagement, digital literacy, and inclusiveness—it must be carefully managed to ensure that all students benefit equally.

Мақолада стоматология фанининг ривожланиш босқичлари, унинг жаҳон цивилизациясидаги ўрни ва Ўзбекистонда шаклланган миллий хусусиятлари илмий-тарихий нуқтаи назардан таҳлил қилинади. Миср, Ҳинд, Хитой ва Ислом цивилизациясидаги стоматологик анъаналар, Ибн Синонинг мероси, Россия ва Европа тиббиёти таъсири, мустақилликдан кейинги ислоҳотлар ва рақамли стоматологиянинг замонавий босқичлари атрофлича ёритилади. Шунингдек, миллий стоматология моделини шакллантиришда таълим, илмий изланиш ва халқ табобатининг аҳамияти муҳокама қилинади.

В данной статье рассматриваются психологические аспекты восприятия цвета в изобразительном искусстве. Анализируется, каким образом цвет влияет на эмоциональное состояние человека, отражает внутренние переживания и формирует художественную атмосферу. Особое внимание уделено использованию цвета художниками в эстетических и духовных целях, а также культурным и индивидуальным различиям восприятия цветовой палитры. Рассматривается роль психологии цвета в современном искусстве. Автор доказывает, что цвет является не только визуальным средством, но и мощным инструментом психологического и художественного выражения.

This article presents information about the ancient Eastern civilizations and their societies that for the first time in human history formed centralized states, writing, law, education, and social institutions. Based on sources, it is shown that these regions - Babylon (Mesopotamia), Egypt, China, and India - occupied an important place in history not only for the achievements of material culture, but also for their educational systems and ideas.