This study investigates the challenges in teaching grammar to English as a Foreign Language (EFL) students. More specifically, it focuses on grammar challenges caused by the interference of the students’ native languages, teaching strategies and the classroom environment. The research includes 100 EFL students at two different English Departments at Herat University. A questionnaire is adopted to test the challenges in the three different areas. Statistical tests are applied to check if the challenges are perceived to affect by students’ grammar skill. The findings show that students’ learning is significantly influenced by three key factors: language interference, teaching strategies, and classroom environment. Most students reported challenges with understanding English, emphasized the importance of effective teaching strategis, and noted that classroom conditions impact their focus. Implications on native language and both instructional and environmental improvements are regarded as crucial for enhancing learning outcomes.

Ushbu maqolada inson tafakkuri va dunyoqarashining shakllanishi va rivojlanishida psixologiya fanining o‘rni va ahamiyati tahlil qilinadi. Tafakkurning psixologik asoslari, dunyoqarashga ta’sir qiluvchi omillar, zamonaviy psixologik metodlar va ularning shaxs rivojiga ta’siri haqida so‘z yuritiladi. Shuningdek, psixologiyaning turli sohalarining bu boradagi ilmiy va amaliy hissasi ko‘rsatib o‘tiladi.

Mazkur maqolada zamonaviy axborot texnologiyalari va sun’iy intellekt rivojlanayotgan bir davrda Data Science mutaxassislari duch keladigan asosiy qonuniy tuzilmalar yoritiladi. Unda axborot xavfsizligi, shaxsiy ma’lumotlarni himoya qilish, mualliflik huquqi, algoritmik xolislik va AI etikasi kabi dolzarb masalalar tahlil qilinadi. Shuningdek, xalqaro va milliy qonunchilikdagi farqlar, Data Science bo‘yicha amaliyot yuritishda e’tibor berilishi zarur bo‘lgan huquqiy me’yorlar ko‘rib chiqiladi. Maqola data analitiklar, IT-huquqshunoslar va soha bo‘yicha siyosatchilar uchun foydali bo‘lishi mumkin.

Ushbu maqolada piroliz moyi asosida yangi superplastifikatorlar olish usullari ishlab chiqilgan, sintez jarayonining optimal sharoitlari aniqlangan, ularning kimyoviy tuzilishi va funksional guruhlari infraqizil spektroskopiya (IQ-spektroskopiya), skanerlovchi elektron mikroskopiya (SEM) va termogravimetrik tahlil (DTA) usullari yordamida tadqiq etilgan. Shuningdek, superplastifikatorlarning suvli mineral suspenziyalar hamda sement asosidagi kompozitsion tizimlarga ta’siri o‘rganilgan. Piroliz moyi, sulfat kislota, formalin, dietanolamin va natriy gidroksid asosiy reaktivlar sifatida qo‘llanilgan. Yangi superplastifikatorlarning tarkibiy tuzilmasi, fizik-kimyoviy va dispersiyaviy xossalari, shuningdek, beton qorishmalarining oquvchanligi va mustahkamligiga ta’siri aniqlanib, ular kontsentratsiyasiga bog‘liq qonuniyatlar asosida baholangan.

This scientific article is devoted to the study of artistic and aesthetic views and artistic interpretations of poetry in modern Uzbek literature. It tells about young poets who have their own voices by famous representatives of Uzbek poetry Rauf Parfi, Asqar Mahkam, Shavkat Rahman and Mirzo Kenjabek. In particular, the views of poets such as Benazir Muhammad, Guzalbegim, Jontemir, Shahriyor Shavkat, Najmiddin Ermatov, Sukhrob Ziya are revealed. At the same time, opinions on the topic are compared with those of other scholars and scholars.