This article explores the fundamental principles of thermal power generation, focusing on core components and functions in thermal power plants. It covers thermodynamics, the Rankine cycle, and heat transmission rules, with detailed examination of Rankine cycles and heat transfer mechanisms in plant components. It also discusses internal combustion engines, particularly diesel engines, and Advanced Exergy-Based Analyses in system analysis. These analyses aim to identify preventable exergy destruction sources and costs within components, with ongoing development addressing issues like validating exergy dissipation divisions. Synthesis methodologies include superstructure-based and superstructure-free approaches. The former uses a steam network to create a steam-cycle superstructure, integrating with a heat exchanger network for comprehensive flowsheets. The latter employs SYNTHSEP and ECH-based methods, with the ECH-based method excelling in comprehensive flowsheet synthesis and offering easy expansion with precise models. Both methods use bi-level decomposition techniques combining evolutionary algorithms and mathematical programming.

Бухоро амирлигининг иқтисодий, сиёсий ва маданий ҳаётини акс эттирадиган ЎзР МДАнинг “Бухоро амирлиги Қўшбеги маҳкамаси” (Управление кушбеги эмира Бухарского) деб номланган И-126 фонди ҳам ўзига хос тарихга эга. Ёзма маълумотларга кўра, тарихчилар орасида Қўшбеги архиви деб ном олган ҳужжатлар тўплами ўтган асрнинг 30-йилларида Бухоро Аркидан топилган бўлиб, унинг Марказий Давлат Тарих архивига топширилиши, яъни марказ Тошкентга олиб келиниши ўша даврдаги мураккаб иқтисодий-сиёсий вазиятда амалга оширилган.

This study, using a sequential explanatory mixed design, comprehensively examined the prevalence, severity, and sources of English learning anxiety among Afghan male students learning English as a foreign language at Paktika Institute of Higher Education. In the quantitative part of the study, data were collected from 87 valid respondents using the Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety Scale (FLCAS). Descriptive analyses revealed that 69% of the students experienced moderate anxiety and 21.8% experienced high anxiety. Among the various factors, fear of negative evaluation and fear of communication were identified as the most prominent concerns and sources of anxiety. In the qualitative phase, data were collected through purposeful semi-structured interviews with 12 participants and analyzed using thematic analysis. The analysis revealed five main themes, which were: fear of negative evaluation, fear of communication, limitations in English exposure and practice, the influence of teacher and peer behavior, and anxiety related to tests and performance. Participants detailed how classroom dynamics, the lack of appropriate environments for using English outside the classroom, and high-risk and stressful assessments contributed to their increased anxiety levels. The findings of this study emphasize the multifaceted and context-dependent nature of language anxiety and show that language learning anxiety among Afghan learners is influenced by multiple cultural, environmental, and educational factors. They also highlight the urgent need to adopt supportive teaching approaches, provide more opportunities for language practice in real-world and informal settings, and train teachers to better manage students’ anxiety.

Ushbu maqolada arab tilshunosligining rivoji uchun katta hissa qo‘shgan yurtdoshimiz Mahmud Zamaxshariy, uning hayoti va ijodi asarlari asosan “Al- Mufassal” kitobi xususida yoritiladi. Asar qayerda yozilganligi qanday tartibda berilganligi ya’ni ketma-ketligi haqida fikr yuritiladi. Shuning حرف جر lar haqida ham qisqacha aytib o‘tilgan.

XIX asrning 2-yarmidagi Buxoroning siyosiy-ijtimoiy hayoti amir Nasrulloxon(1826-1860) hamda amir Muzaffarxonlar(1860-1885)ning nomlari bilan ko’zga tashlanadi. Fikr yuritilayotgan davr tarixini, xalqning turmush tarzi, ijtimoy hayotini o’rganishda esa ular bilan hamnafas bo’lgan zamondosh olimlarning bizgacha yetib kelgan asarlari muhim rol o’ynaydi. XIX asr oxiridagi Buxoro amirligidagi axloqiy qadriyatlar haqida ma'lumot beruvchi asarlar orasida bir necha muhim manbalar mavjud. Ushbu davrda yozilgan asarlar, ayniqsa, Buxoro amirligining axloqiy qadriyatlari, diniy qarashlar va madaniy an'analari haqida muhim ma'lumotlarni taqdim etgan. Ushbu maqolada ijtimoiy sohaning asosiy metodlaridan chuqur tahlil qilish hamda tarixiylik usuli asosida aniqlangan ma’lumotlardan foydalanilgan holda Vozehning asarlari misolida amirlikdagi ijtimoy hayot qisman bo’lsada yoritib beriladi. Aynan fikr yuritilayotgan davr tojik adabiyotida ko’zga koʻringan namoyandalardan biri Rahmatulloh Vozehdir. Vozeh qalamiga mansub bir necha mashhur asarlardan xususan, “Aqoid un nisa” risolasidan foydalanib Buxoro xalqining ijtimoiy tarixi bayon etiladi. Olimning boshqa zamondosh shoirlardan farqini ham aynan Buxoro amirligidagi ijtimoiy hayotni ochiqchasiga, hech qanday oshirib yozishlarsiz, xolis va haqqoniy bayon etganligida, kamchiliklarni yashirmaganligida ko’rish mumkin.