This article provides an extensive analysis of the semantic characteristics of English idiomatic phraseological units, focusing specifically on verbal idioms and their unique patterns of variation. Idioms constitute an essential part of the English lexicon, representing culturally conditioned, semantically complex units whose meanings cannot be deduced from the meanings of their individual components. This study explores the semantic integrity, metaphorical motivation, cognitive underpinnings, grammatical adaptability, and lexical-structural variability of verbal idioms. Drawing from cognitive linguistics, phraseology theory, discourse studies, and corpus-based examples, this paper demonstrates how verbal idioms form a dynamic subsystem within English phraseology, capable of expressing actions, states, emotions, and social interactions through metaphorical and culturally embedded structures. Additionally, challenges of interpretation and cross-linguistic translation are analyzed. Results suggest that verbal idioms perform significant semantic, stylistic, and pragmatic functions in modern communication and require a multilayered linguistic approach for accurate understanding.

Maqolada og‘zaki nutqda paremiologik birliklarning funksional vazifalari, ularning lingvopragmatik, madaniy va kommunikativ xususiyatlari tahlil qilinadi.

Ushbu maqolada ijtimoiy tarmoqlarning zamonaviy jamiyat hayotidagi o‘rni, shaxs axloqiy qadriyatlariga ko‘rsatgan ta’siri, an’anaviy me’yorlarning transformatsiyasi hamda yoshlar ongida yuz berayotgan ijtimoiy-psixologik o‘zgarishlar ilmiy tahlil qilinadi. Muallif ijtimoiy tarmoqlarni axloqiy qadriyatlarning shakllanishidagi asosiy omillardan biri sifatida baholaydi.

Raqamli xavfsizlikning keskin o‘sib borayotgan muammolari orasida fishing va zararli dasturlar (malware)ni erta aniqlash masalasi alohida ahamiyatga ega. Ushbu maqolada sun’iy intellekt (SI) va ayniqsa, chuqur o‘rganishga asoslangan neyron tarmoqlar yordamida fishing xabarlarini, zararli fayllarni va tarmoq trafikidagi shubhali faoliyatni aniqlash usullari tahlil qilinadi. Tadqiqotda konvolyutsion (CNN) va rekurrent (RNN, LSTM) tarmoqlarni qo‘llash samaradorligi o‘rganildi. Natijalar shuni ko‘rsatadiki, neyron tarmoqlar yordamida erta aniqlash aniqligi 95% dan yuqori bo‘lishi mumkin.

Orthodontic treatment fundamentally alters the ecological balance of the oral cavity, creating conditions that facilitate microbial accumulation and soft-tissue inflammation. As fixed appliances interfere with natural self-cleansing mechanisms, the need for personalized hygiene strategies becomes imperative. This theoretical review explores the development and effectiveness of individualized oral hygiene measures grounded in academic literature, clinical guidelines, and preventive dentistry concepts. Unlike standard instructions, individualized programs incorporate detailed assessments of patients’ behavioral characteristics, oral microbiome profiles, appliance types, and anatomical constraints. The article highlights emerging perspectives, including biofilm-targeted hygiene, risk-stratified preventive planning, and the integration of digital monitoring systems. It also examines how psychological, educational, and ergonomic factors influence hygiene performance during orthodontic treatment. The review emphasizes that individualized approaches not only improve plaque control but also reduce therapy interruptions, enhance patient autonomy, and support long-term oral health stability. The findings underscore the importance of adopting a multidimensional strategy that considers biological, behavioral, and technological determinants of hygiene efficacy in orthodontic patients.