Мақолада стоматология фанининг ривожланиш босқичлари, унинг жаҳон цивилизациясидаги ўрни ва Ўзбекистонда шаклланган миллий хусусиятлари илмий-тарихий нуқтаи назардан таҳлил қилинади. Миср, Ҳинд, Хитой ва Ислом цивилизациясидаги стоматологик анъаналар, Ибн Синонинг мероси, Россия ва Европа тиббиёти таъсири, мустақилликдан кейинги ислоҳотлар ва рақамли стоматологиянинг замонавий босқичлари атрофлича ёритилади. Шунингдек, миллий стоматология моделини шакллантиришда таълим, илмий изланиш ва халқ табобатининг аҳамияти муҳокама қилинади.

В данной статье рассматриваются психологические аспекты восприятия цвета в изобразительном искусстве. Анализируется, каким образом цвет влияет на эмоциональное состояние человека, отражает внутренние переживания и формирует художественную атмосферу. Особое внимание уделено использованию цвета художниками в эстетических и духовных целях, а также культурным и индивидуальным различиям восприятия цветовой палитры. Рассматривается роль психологии цвета в современном искусстве. Автор доказывает, что цвет является не только визуальным средством, но и мощным инструментом психологического и художественного выражения.

This article presents information about the ancient Eastern civilizations and their societies that for the first time in human history formed centralized states, writing, law, education, and social institutions. Based on sources, it is shown that these regions - Babylon (Mesopotamia), Egypt, China, and India - occupied an important place in history not only for the achievements of material culture, but also for their educational systems and ideas.

This study investigates the challenges in teaching grammar to English as a Foreign Language (EFL) students. More specifically, it focuses on grammar challenges caused by the interference of the students’ native languages, teaching strategies and the classroom environment. The research includes 100 EFL students at two different English Departments at Herat University. A questionnaire is adopted to test the challenges in the three different areas. Statistical tests are applied to check if the challenges are perceived to affect by students’ grammar skill. The findings show that students’ learning is significantly influenced by three key factors: language interference, teaching strategies, and classroom environment. Most students reported challenges with understanding English, emphasized the importance of effective teaching strategis, and noted that classroom conditions impact their focus. Implications on native language and both instructional and environmental improvements are regarded as crucial for enhancing learning outcomes.

Ushbu maqolada gepatit C virusi (HCV) infeksiyasining global sog‘liq uchun ahamiyati, genotiplari, yuqish yo‘llari va davolash usullarining zamonaviy yondashuvlari yoritilgan. Maqolada HCV infeksiyasining epidemiologiyasi, virion va genom tuzilishi, hamda virusning jigar faoliyatiga salbiy ta’siri keng tahlil qilinadi. Xususan, to‘g‘ridan-to‘g‘ri ta’sir qiluvchi antiviral vositalar (DAA) terapiyasining samaradorligi, ularning turli genotiplarga ta’siri va interferon asosidagi terapiyaga nisbatan ustunliklari muhokama qilingan. HCVni butunlay yo‘q qilish uchun JSST tomonidan belgilangan maqsadlarga erishish yo‘lida skrining, tashxis, profilaktika va doimiy monitoring zarurligi asoslab berilgan. Shuningdek, DAA terapiyasi bilan bog‘liq rezistentlik, gepatotsellyulyar karsinoma (HCC) xavfi va noinvaziv biomarkerlar orqali monitoring masalalariga ham alohida e’tibor qaratilgan.