Information security and cybersecurity are related but distinct concepts in protecting data. Information security focuses broadly on safeguarding information in any form (digital, physical, or intellectual) by ensuring its confidentiality, integrity, and availability. Cybersecurity specifically concerns the protection of computer systems, networks, and online data from cyber threats. This paper compares these fields in detail, providing definitions, key differences, and practical examples. Diagrams and tables illustrate how each discipline is applied in real-world scenarios. Understanding the difference helps organizations allocate resources appropriately and build effective security strategies.

This research’s aim is to investigate the challenges and effective methods for teaching research skills in higher education of Afghanistan. It focuses on two main questions: (1) What factors stop students from learning research skills with current teaching methods? (2) What practices, resources, and tools best improve research skills? A mixed-methods approach was used, including surveys of 27 Master’s students, 16 faculty members, and interviews with 4 professors. The results indicated that teacher-centered methods hinder skill development. 53.5% of participants expressed dissatisfaction with those methods. On the other hand, 72.1% believe that interactive methods enhance research skills, although implementation of these methods is difficult. Limited resources and lack of support from institutions are main challenges. This study suggests to its readers that using the student-centered teaching, the usage of technology, and institutional support are essential for improving research education in Afghanistan. This research provides practical recommendations for policymakers and educators. It emphasizes practical learning and faculty development in order to promote critical thinking and research.

Низомиддин Мир Алишер Навоийни кўпинча шоир ва мутафаккир, давлат ва жамоат арбоби сифатида биламиз ва қадрлаймиз. Ҳолбуки, бу беназир шахснинг тафаккур қамрови жуда кенг ҳамда истеъдоди жуда серқирра бўлиб, илм-фаннинг тури соҳаларида ўзига хос қарашлар ва илмий асарлар соҳиби ҳам ҳисобланади.

The article examines the problem of climate change caused by the widespread use of non-renewable natural resources. It analyzes the environmental and socio-economic consequences of the idea of banning their use, as well as the prospects for energy transition. Particular attention is paid to the role of communication between key participants - states, scientific and business communities, mass media and citizens - in the implementation of climate change. It concludes that an integrated and coordinated approach to sustainable development is necessary.

Tаlаbаlik dаvridа о‘zini о‘zi bоshqаrishning pedagogik-psiхоlоgik хususiyаtlаrini rivojlantirish о‘zini о‘zi faollashtirish, о‘zini о‘zi anglash, о‘zini о‘zi rivojlantirish, о‘zini о‘zi oshkor qilish xususiyatlarini о‘rganish bо‘yicha ilmiy tadqiqotlar olib borilmoqda.