Legal capacity, defined as an individual’s competence to acquire rights and bear obligations, is recognized as a fundamental principle in all legal systems. This study conducts a comparative analysis of commercial capacity within the legal frameworks of Afghanistan and Egypt. The central question of the research is whether the rules governing capacity in commercial matters are similar to those applied in civil affairs, or whether there are fundamental differences between the two domains. The aim of this study is to analyze and compare the concept of commercial capacity in the two legal systems and to examine whether legally incapacitated individuals are permitted to engage in commercial activities. The research adopts a descriptive-analytical method and is based on legal sources from both countries. The findings reveal that although the foundational principles of capacity are similar in both legal systems, there are notable differences in how these principles are applied. In particular, individuals under legal incapacity are not allowed to independently engage in commercial activities, even with the permission of a guardian or curator. Moreover, guardians or curators are also prohibited from conducting commercial activities on behalf of those under their care. This study is significant because a comparative examination of these laws can enhance the understanding and application of capacity rules in commercial matters in both countries.

Ushbu maqolada o‘quvchi yoshlarda iqtisodiy tarbiyani shakllantirishning ahamiyati hamda bu jarayonda pedagogik texnologiyalarning tutgan o‘rni yoritilgan. Shuningdek, iqtisodiy bilimlarni samarali o‘rgatishda interfaol usullar va amaliy mashg‘ulotlarning afzalliklari ko‘rsatib o‘tilgan. Mazkur maqolada umumta’lim maktablarida o‘quvchilarga iqtisodiy tarbiya berishda interfaol metodlar va amaliy mashg‘ulotlarning roli hamda ularning samaradorligini oshirish yo‘llari yoritilgan. Shuningdek, dars jarayoniga innovatsion yondashuvlar kiritish orqali o‘quvchilarning iqtisodiy tafakkurini rivojlantirish muhimligi asoslab berilgan.

Ushbu maqolada mental arifmetikaning boshlang‘ich sinf o‘quvchilarining matematik tafakkurini rivojlantirishdagi roli o‘rganiladi. Mental arifmetika nafaqat tez hisoblash malakalarini, balki tafakkur, xotira, diqqat va tasavvur kabi kognitiv kompetensiyalarni ham rivojlantiradi. Tadqiqotda turli metodlar asosida tajriba sinf o‘quvchilari bilan ish olib borilib, ularning natijalari tahlil qilindi.

Globallashuv shiddat bilan rivojlanayotgan dunyoda inson huquqlarini ta’minlash va himoya qilish xalqaro hamjamiyatning asosiy vazifasi bo‘lib kelmoqda. Davlat uning tarkibida xalq bo‘lganligi uchun ham davlat hisoblanadi. Agarda u o‘z hududidagi insonlarning huquqlarini himoya qilolmasa va insonlarga huquqlaridan foydalanish imkoniyatini ta’minlay olmasa uning davlatchiligiga ziyon yetishi aniq. Shuning uchun ham inson manfaatlari oliy o‘ringa qo‘yilmoqda. Hech narsa undan ustun bo‘lishi mumkin emas. Dunyo mamlakatlarining ichki va tashqi siyosatdagi asosiy maqsadi inson huquqlarini oliy qadriyat sifatida mustahkamlash bo‘lib kelmoqda va bu tamoyilni amalga oshirish uchun bir qancha sa’y- harakatlar amalga oshirilmoqda. Ayollarning, bolalarning, yoshlarning, keksalar va nogironlarning manfaatlari milliy konstitutsiyalarda va xalqaro hujjatlarda mustahkamlandi. Bunga zid harakatlarni amalga oshirganlar va inson huquqlarini poymol qilganlar belgilangan tartibda javobgarlikka tortilmoqdalar.

Mazkur maqolada Buxoro amirligida Xattotlik san’ati va Xattotlik maktabi namoyandalari haqida ma’lumotlar keltirilgan va manbalar asosida tahlil etilgan.