Bul maqalada tanıqlı ustaz, dirijor, muzıka iyesi, xalıq saz ásbaplarınıń xalqımız arasında jańrawında, óz úlesin qosıp kiyatırǵan Maqsetdulla Kamalov ómir jolı hám dóretiwshiligi haqqında maǵluwmat beriledi.

This article examines the role of speech acts in the development of pragmatic competence among EFL (English as a Foreign Language) learners, with a specific focus on how language conveys social meaning. It explores how explicit instruction in requests, refusals, apologies, and other speech acts can improve learners' ability to communicate appropriately across cultural and situational contexts. The study argues for the inclusion of pragmatic elements in language teaching as a means of promoting authentic, socially aware communication.

Ushbu maqolada o‘zbek klassik adabiyotidagi ayol obrazlari tahlil qilinib, ularning badiiy-estetik mazmuni, ma’naviy-falsafiy mohiyati ochib berilgan. Ayniqsa, ayol siymosining jamiyatdagi o‘rni, axloqiy fazilatlari va timsol sifatidagi yuksak maqomi Suyima G‘aniyeva ilmiy izlanishlari asosida yoritilgan. Maqolada G‘aniyevaning Navoiy asarlarida uchraydigan ayol obrazlarini talqin etishdagi o‘ziga xos yondashuvi tahlil qilinadi. Shuningdek, bu obrazlarning zamonaviy tafakkur bilan bog‘liqligi va bugungi kun uchun dolzarbligi haqida fikr yuritiladi. Tadqiqot klassik merosga yangicha nigoh bilan qarashga xizmat qiladi va ayol obrazining adabiyotshunoslikdagi o‘rni haqida chuqur tahliliy mulohazalar beradi.

This scientific paper explores the general pathophysiological mechanisms of inflammation, a fundamental biological response to harmful stimuli such as infection, injury, or immune dysregulation. The study provides a comprehensive overview of the key stages of inflammation, including initiation, amplification, and resolution, as well as the complex cellular and molecular components involved. Special emphasis is placed on immune cells such as macrophages, neutrophils, and lymphocytes, along with inflammatory mediators including cytokines, chemokines, prostaglandins, and nitric oxide. The work distinguishes between acute and chronic inflammation, explaining their unique features, triggers, and pathological consequences. Disruption in this process is highlighted as a major contributor to long-term inflammatory conditions such as autoimmune disorders, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. Clinical implications, diagnostic markers, and therapeutic strategies targeting specific pathways of inflammation are also addressed. This research is intended to serve as a valuable resource for students of medical and biological sciences, healthcare professionals, and researchers interested in immunology and disease mechanisms.

Bu maqolada Al-Andalus (Islomiy Ispaniya) davrining tarixiy va madaniy ahamiyatini yoritadi. Maqolada Kordova, Shativa, Toledo kabi poytaxtlarning ilm-fan, madaniyat va bag‘rikenglik markazi sifatida paydo bo‘lgani, arab-musulmon olimlar va tarjimonlar orqali Yevropa uyg‘onishiga ulkan hissa qo‘shilgani qayd etilgan. Andalusiyaning atrof-muhiti, kutubxonalar, ilmiy ixtirolar, sug‘orish tizimlari va diniy mulohazalar orqali xalqqa qanday ta’sir ko‘rsatgani tilga olingan.