Ushbu maqola “Yurak tug`ma nuqsonlari”, “Qorinchalararo to`siq nuqsoni”, etiologiyasi, davrlari, davolash usullari to`g`risida to`xtalib o`tilgan. Yurak tug`ma nuqsoni embrion va homilaga turli xil zararli omillar ta`sirida yurak va magistral tomirlarda u yoki bu nuqsonning paydo bo`lishi bilan xarakterlanuvchi patologik xolat.

Ушбу мақолада Бухоро амирлигининг жануби-шарқий ҳудуди шаҳарларининг Россия босқини туфайли уларнинг амирликдаги аҳамияти ҳусусида шунингдек, уларнинг бошқарув шакли ва хусусиятлари хусусияти тўғрисида маълумотлар келтирилади. Шаҳарларнинг гузарлари ва уларнинг бошқарув тизими ҳақида маълумотлар берилган.

Ushbu maqolada turkologiyaning dolzarb mavzularidan biri, xususan, hozirgi qoraqalpoq tilshunosligidagi etnografizmlar muhokama qilinadi. Ayniqsa, bu yo‘nalishda chuqur va har tomonlama tadqiqot olib borish muhim ahamiyat kasb etadi. Maqolada qoraqalpoq adabiyotining yetuk vakili, shoira G. Davletova ijodida uchraydigan etnografizmlar uslubiy jihatdan tahlili amalga oshirilgan.

This article examines the evolving challenges that artificial intelligence (AI) poses to traditional copyright frameworks, focusing specifically on AI-generated content. It begins by defining AI-generated works and exploring why these outputs disrupt long-standing legal principles, such as human authorship, originality, and creative expression. The article then conducts a comparative legal analysis between the United States and Uzbekistan—two jurisdictions with markedly different levels of technological development and legal infrastructure. In the U.S., copyright protection is explicitly reserved for human creators, as reinforced by recent case law and the U.S. Copyright Office’s guidance. Conversely, Uzbekistan's legal framework does not yet address AI-generated content, offering both challenges due to legal uncertainty and opportunities for progressive reform. The article highlights the lack of legal precedent in Uzbekistan and underscores the importance of establishing a coherent IP policy that balances innovation and legal protection. Through this comparative approach, the article aims to inform policymakers, scholars, and practitioners on how different jurisdictions can adapt or reform copyright law in response to AI advancements. It concludes by advocating for flexible, forward-looking legal strategies that accommodate technological change while upholding the fundamental principles of intellectual property.

Мазкур мақолада мактабгача ёшдаги болаларни саноқка ўргатишнинг мақсади, вазифалари, педагогик ва психологиявий асослари ҳамда амалий усул ва воситалари ёритиб берилади. Болаларда мантиқий фикрлаш, диққат ва хотирани ривожлантиришда саноқка ўргатишнинг аҳамияти таъкидланади.