This article explores the complex pathophysiology of autoimmune diseases with a primary focus on the mechanisms underlying the breakdown of immune tolerance. Immune tolerance is essential for preventing the immune system from attacking the body’s own tissues. The review covers both central and peripheral tolerance processes, highlighting how genetic predispositions, environmental factors, and immune regulatory failures contribute to the development of autoimmunity. Key cellular players, such as regulatory T cells and antigen-presenting cells, are discussed in relation to their roles in maintaining immune homeostasis. Additionally, the article examines current understanding of molecular mimicry, epitope spreading, and other pathogenic mechanisms leading to self-reactivity. The challenges in diagnosis and treatment of autoimmune diseases are also addressed, emphasizing the need for targeted therapeutic approaches aimed at restoring immune tolerance rather than merely suppressing immune responses.

Bugungi kunda jamiyatimizda axloqiy tarbiyaning kuchaytirilishi, yosh avlod qalbida ezgulik, mehr-oqibat, halollik kabi fazilatlarni singdirish muhim masalalardan biridir. Ayniqsa, boshlang‘ich ta’lim bosqichida bolalarning ijtimoiy ongini shakllantirish orqali ularni jamiyatga foydali shaxs etib voyaga yetkazish mumkin. Bu borada tasavvuf ta’limotining tarbiyaviy jihatlari alohida ahamiyat kasb etadi. Tasavvuf insonni ichki poklanishga, boshqalarga nisbatan mehribonlik va muruvvat bilan munosabatda bo‘lishga chorlaydi. Ushbu maqolada tasavvuf ta’limotining boshlang‘ich sinf o‘quvchilari ongiga ijtimoiy g‘oyalarni singdirishdagi ahamiyati yoritiladi. Har bir inson yoshlik chog’idan boshlab odob axloq qoidalariga rioya qilishi va atrofdagilarga ham hurmatda bo’lishi zarur. Hozirgi globallashuv jarayonida o’quvchilarni ijtimoiy ongini rivojlantirish juda muhim jarayon hisoblanadi.

Usı maqalada psixologiyalıq keńes túsinigi, onıń mazmunı, ámeliy áhmiyeti hám de psixologiya pánindegi ózine tán mashqala sıpatında úyreniliwi jaritılǵan. Sonday-aq, másláhátlesiw procesiniń basqıshları, psixologiyalıq qatnaslar hám qarıydar menen islesiwde júzege keletuǵın qıyınshılıqlar da tallanǵan.

This paper explores the physiological and pathophysiological responses of the human body to stress. Stress, defined as any challenge that disrupts homeostasis, triggers complex mechanisms involving the nervous, endocrine, and immune systems. Acute stress activates adaptive responses, such as the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and sympathetic nervous system, which prepare the body to handle immediate threats. However, chronic stress leads to sustained hormonal imbalances, immune suppression, and increased inflammation, contributing to various diseases including cardiovascular disorders, diabetes, and mental health issues. The dual nature of stress highlights the importance of effective management strategies to maintain health and prevent disease progression. This paper also discusses current understanding of stress-immune system interactions and suggests holistic approaches for stress reduction and health improvement.

This scientific paper explores the fundamental pathophysiological mechanisms underlying heart failure. The study provides a comprehensive analysis of how structural and functional changes in the heart contribute to impaired cardiac output and systemic complications. The paper examines key processes such as hemodynamic alterations, neurohormonal activation, ventricular remodeling, inflammation, and cellular energy deficiency. Particular emphasis is placed on the progression of heart failure from compensatory adaptations to maladaptive responses, leading to chronic dysfunction. Furthermore, the discussion highlights the systemic nature of the disease, affecting organs beyond the cardiovascular system, including the kidneys, liver, and brain. By focusing on both molecular and clinical aspects, the paper aims to enhance the understanding of heart failure as a multi-faceted syndrome. This deeper understanding supports the development of more targeted and effective therapeutic strategies. The content is intended for students, researchers, and medical professionals interested in the mechanisms and management of heart failure.