Personalized medicine is a field of healthcare that aims to develop diagnostic, treatment, and preventive strategies based on the genetic characteristics, physiological condition, and lifestyle of each individual. This article discusses the concept of personalized medicine, its main directions, advantages, and applications in practice. Areas such as pharmacogenetics, genetic screening, and targeted therapy in oncology are considered essential components of the personalized approach. Additionally, current challenges, ethical considerations, and future prospects of this field are analyzed. The article concludes with reflections on the potential for developing personalized medicine in Uzbekistan.

Listening is one of the most essential skills in language acquisition, and it plays a pivotal role in mastering the English language. This paper explores the significance of listening skills in English language learning, analyzing the various methods and approaches to improve listening comprehension, while also highlighting the challenges faced by learners. The study reviews existing literature on the topic, identifies key strategies, and discusses how listening proficiency can enhance overall language competence. By synthesizing both theoretical and practical perspectives, this paper aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the role of listening in the language learning process.

В статье рассматриваются ключевые этапы формирования и развития институтов гражданского общества в Республике Узбекистан. Особое внимание уделено законодательному оформлению правовых основ, институциональному укреплению негосударственных некоммерческих организаций, развитию самоуправления и гражданской активности. Анализируются современные тенденции, включая расширение общественного контроля, цифровизацию взаимодействия граждан и государства, а также поддержка социально значимых инициатив. Подчёркивается, что активное участие граждан в управлении и расширение демократических институтов являются важными условиями построения открытого и справедливого общества.

Ushbu maqolada o‘zbek tilshunosligidagi kelishiklar va tilshunos olimlarning bu boradagi gipotezalari va genezisi haqida bayon etilgan.

Markazlashtirilgan laboratoriyalar sog‘liqni saqlash tizimida diagnostika xizmatlarini yaxshilash va samaradorlikni oshirish maqsadida tashkil etilgan muhim infratuzilma hisoblanadi. Ularning asosiy vazifasi – turli tibbiyot muassasalaridan kelayotgan tahlil namunalari bilan ishlash, yuqori sifatli va tezkor diagnostika natijalarini taqdim etishdir. Bu laboratoriyalar markazlashtirilgan tizim sifatida faoliyat yuritadi, ya’ni bir nechta klinik va shifoxona laboratoriyalarining vazifalarini o‘z zimmasiga oladi va ularni yagona boshqaruv ostida birlashtiradi. Bu yondashuv diagnostika jarayonlarini optimallashtirishga, resurslarni samarali taqsimlashga va xizmat ko‘rsatish sifatini oshirishga imkon beradi.