This article examines ecological monitoring systems in industrialized urban areas, focusing on Navoi city as a case study. The research analyzes existing monitoring methodologies and proposes new approaches for environmental assessment and improvement in regions affected by mining and metallurgical industries. The findings demonstrate that multidisciplinary approaches incorporating atmospheric, soil, and water quality assessments provide more comprehensive environmental management solutions.

Ushbu mаqolа O‘zbekistondа xorijiy oliy tа’lim muаssаsаlаri filiаllаrining pаydo bo‘lishi, rivojlаnishi hаmdа fаoliyаt yuritish tаrixini tаhlil qilаdi. Xususаn, 1990-yillаrdаn boshlаb O‘zbekistondа xаlqаro oliy tа’lim muаssаsаlаri vа ulаrning filiаllаri ochilishi jаrаyonlаri, bu jаrаyonlаrning milliy oliy tа’lim tizimigа tа’siri vа yuzаgа kelgаn muаmmolаr o‘rgаnilаdi. Mаqolаdа metodologik jihаtdаn huquqiy-institutsionаl tаhlil vа empirik mа’lumotlаr (rаqаmli ko‘rsаtkichlаr) аsosidа yuritilgаn. Аsosiy nаtijаlаrgа ko‘rа, filiаllаrning ochilishi O‘zbekistondа oliy tа’limni xаlqаro miqyosgа integrаtsiyаlаshuvi uchun muhim bo‘lgаn, biroq til kompetensiyаsi, аkаdemik kаdrlаr tаyyorligi vа funksionаl-boshlаng‘ich bаzаning yetishmovchiligi kаbi muаmmolаrni hаm keltirib chiqаrgаn. Xulosа sifаtidа filiаllаr fаoliyаtining sаmаrаdorligini oshirish bo‘yichа tаvsiyаlаr berilgаn.

Holmium energy is delivered to the tissue by means of flexible quartz fibers containing a small amount of water and is released in short pulses. The absorbing chromophore for holmium energy is water. The wavelength of 2140 nm and the penetrating ability into the pancreatic tissue to a depth of 0.5 mm provides the necessary effect. At the same time, the further spread of energy is prevented by the presence of cellular and extracellular fluid, which in turn prevents the development of a deep thermal tissue effect [4]. Due to the presence of a large amount of water in the pancreatic tissue and, accordingly, excellent thermal conduction, the surgeon is given the opportunity to apply both ablation and coagulation. The pulse mechanism of energy delivery also contributes to the process of tissue vaporization. Moreover, hemostasis is achieved independently of the coagulation profile of the patient, which is ideal for patients undergoing anticoagulant therapy [4].

This paper explores the economic impacts of climate change and the role of carbon pricing as a key policy instrument for mitigation. Drawing upon the theoretical contributions of Nicholas Stern, William Nordhaus, Joseph Stiglitz, and Jeffrey Sachs, the study examines how economic frameworks interpret and address the intersection between environmental degradation and economic growth. Stern’s and Sachs’s analyses emphasize moral responsibility and global inequality, while Nordhaus and Stiglitz focus on cost efficiency and market-based solutions.

В статье рассматриваются теоретические и практические проблемы, связанные с правовым положением свидетеля в гражданском судопроизводстве Республики Узбекистан. Анализируются права и обязанности свидетеля, особенности его ответственности и гарантии защиты, предусмотренные законодательством. Отмечается, что существующие нормы Гражданского процессуального кодекса нуждаются в дальнейшем совершенствовании в целях обеспечения баланса между интересами суда и защитой прав личности. Предлагаются конкретные предложения для решения существующих проблем.