This study investigates the biogeochemical composition of the atmosphere in the southern regions of Uzbekistan (Surkhondarya and Kashkadarya regions). The research identifies the natural and anthropogenic sources of air pollutants, characterises the physicochemical composition of dust–aerosol particles (PM₂.₅ and PM₁₀), and demonstrates their significance within an integrated environmental monitoring system. Seasonal sampling campaigns were conducted at five monitoring sites from 2023 to 2024. Atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) and inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) were employed to quantify heavy metal concentrations, while ion chromatography determined major anion and cation profiles. Biogeochemical indices (Igeo, PI, ERI) were computed for each site, and spatial distribution was mapped using GIS. Results indicate that PM₂.₅ and PM₁₀ concentrations exceed WHO guideline values by 3–7-fold during summer, with heavy metals Fe, Mn, Pb, Zn, and Cu showing marked seasonal peaks. Source apportionment attributes 52% of PM₁₀ to soil erosion and dust storms, 21% to industrial emissions, and 14% to transport. Ecological risk assessment classified two sites in Surkhondarya Valley as 'moderately hazardous' and one as 'highly hazardous'. Integration of biogeochemical analysis into routine monitoring is scientifically substantiated and recommended.

Ushbu maqolada yuklarning harakatini real vaqt rejimida kuzatish imkonini beruvchi axborot tizimlarining texnologik asoslari va arxitekturasi tadqiq etilgan. Global ta'minot zanjirlarining murakkablashuvi va logistika jarayonlarini optimallashtirish zarurati zamonaviy kuzatuv tizimlarini joriy etishni taqozo etmoqda. Tadqiqot doirasida GPS, GNSS, GSM, IoT va RFID kabi ilg‘or texnologiyalarning ishlash prinsiplari, integratsiya mexanizmlari hamda o‘zaro hamkorligi ilmiy jihatdan tahlil qilingan. Shuningdek, real vaqt rejimida kuzatishning afzalliklari va mavjud cheklovlari solishtirma tahlil asosida o‘rganilgan.

Ushbu maqolada XIX asr o‘zbek adabiyotining yirik namoyondasi Muhammad Sharif Gulxaniyning “Zarbulmasal” asaridagi majoziy obrazlar, hayvonlar va qushlar tili orqali berilgan ijtimoiy tanqid, shuningdek, asarning leksik qatlamini tashkil etuvchi maqollar tahliliga keng o‘rin berilgan. Maqolada muallifning badiiy mahorati, “hikoya ichida hikoya” uslubi va asarning bugungi kunda tutgan o‘rni ilmiy va mustaqil fikrlar asosida yoritiladi.

Mazkur maqolada zamonaviy ta’lim tizimining muhim vazifalaridan biri hisoblangan boshlang‘ich sinf o‘quvchilarida tanqidiy tafakkurni rivojlantirish masalasi ilmiy-nazariy hamda amaliy jihatdan tahlil etiladi. Tadqiqotda tanqidiy fikrlash tushunchasining mazmun-mohiyati ochib berilib, uni shakllantirishning pedagogik imkoniyatlari va samarali yo‘llari asoslab berilgan. Shuningdek, interfaol metodlar, muammoli vaziyatlar yaratish, mantiqiy savol-javoblar tizimi hamda refleksiya jarayonining o‘quvchilarning mustaqil fikrlash ko‘nikmalarini rivojlantirishdagi o‘rni yoritiladi. Maqolada o‘qituvchining kasbiy kompetentligining ahamiyati, shaxsga yo‘naltirilgan yondashuv va kompetensiyaviy ta’lim asosida tashkil etilgan darslar o‘quvchilarning mantiqiy, tahliliy va mustaqil fikrlashini rivojlantirishda muhim omil ekani ilmiy dalillar asosida bayon etiladi.

The growing scale of environmental degradation has intensified the need for effective criminal liability mechanisms to protect ecological security. Despite the existence of legal norms regulating environmental crimes in Uzbekistan, judicial practice demonstrates significant challenges in their enforcement. This article examines the legal foundations and practical application of criminal liability for environmental offenses, with particular emphasis on investigative procedures, sentencing practices, and institutional limitations. The research employs doctrinal legal analysis combined with a critical assessment of judicial and investigative practice to identify systemic problems, including the dominance of administrative sanctions over criminal penalties, insufficient use of forensic expertise, and gaps between legislative provisions and enforcement realities. The study also evaluates existing classifications of environmental crimes and their relevance to contemporary legal practice. The findings reveal that the current liability framework lacks sufficient deterrent effect due to inconsistencies in judicial interpretation and limited coordination among enforcement bodies. Based on the analysis, the article proposes targeted legal and institutional reforms aimed at strengthening criminal accountability, improving investigative effectiveness, and enhancing the preventive role of criminal law in environmental protection. The results contribute to the broader discourse on environmental criminal law and offer practical recommendations for increasing the effectiveness of environmental governance.