The relationship between a speaker’s native language (L1) and their pronunciation in a second language (L2) has long been recognized as a critical area of study within second language acquisition. Pronunciation is not merely about producing sounds correctly; it encompasses various phonological elements such as stress, rhythm, intonation, and syllable structure — all of which are deeply shaped by the learner's first language. This paper aims to explore the extent to which L1 interferes with or supports the acquisition of accurate L2 pronunciation. It investigates both segmental (individual sounds) and suprasegmental (prosodic features) aspects of speech, presenting evidence from various language groups to illustrate common patterns of transfer. Moreover, the study discusses how phonological habits from the native language often lead to a foreign accent and reduced intelligibility in the second language, even among otherwise proficient speakers. Emphasis is placed on practical strategies and pedagogical approaches that can be used to address L1-induced difficulties, such as contrastive analysis, phonetic training, and the use of technological tools for self-monitoring and feedback. The paper concludes that although native language influence is a natural and often unavoidable aspect of second language learning, its impact on pronunciation can be significantly minimized through targeted instruction and increased learner awareness.

This scientific work explores the clinical features, causes, and contemporary treatment strategies for tension-type headache in children, one of the most prevalent and often underdiagnosed neurological conditions in the pediatric population. The study highlights the multifactorial origin of tension-type headache, emphasizing psychological stress, musculoskeletal strain, and lifestyle imbalances as central contributing factors. Special attention is given to the importance of early diagnosis based on clinical evaluation, patient history, and the use of structured assessment tools designed for children. The research reviews both pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment approaches, with a focus on behavioral therapy, cognitive-behavioral interventions, physical therapy, and biofeedback techniques. Preventive strategies such as stress management, sleep hygiene, physical activity, and nutritional regulation are also discussed as key elements in reducing the frequency and severity of headache episodes. Furthermore, the work highlights the psychosocial impact of chronic headache on children’s academic performance, emotional health, and social development.

Markaziy Osiyoda suv xavfsizligi tobora dolzarb masalaga aylanib bormoqda. Bunga iqlim o‘zgaruvchanligining kuchayishi, suvga bo‘lgan talabning ortishi hamda transchegaraviy daryolarni boshqarish bilan bog‘liq muammolar sabab bo‘lmoqda. Ushbu maqolada mintaqadagi transchegaraviy suv resurslarini boshqarish murakkabligi, milliy manfaatlar bilan mintaqaviy hamkorlik o‘rtasidagi o‘zaro bog‘liqlik asosida o‘rganiladi.

Ushbu maqolada zamonaviy axborot-kommunikatsiya texnologiyalari rivojlanishi bilan yuzaga kelayotgan yangi avlod raqamli jinoyatlari va ularning inson huquqlariga salbiy ta’siri tahlil qilinadi. Ayniqsa, xorijiy mamlakatlarda kuzatilayotgan kiberzo’ravonlik, sun’iy intellektdan noto‘g‘ri foydalanish, deepfake texnologiyalari orqali sha’ni va qadr-qimmatga tajovuz, onlayn zo‘ravonlik (cyberbullying), va raqamli kuzatuv orqali shaxsiy hayot daxlsizligiga tajovuz holatlari alohida ko‘rib chiqiladi. Shuningdek, O‘zbekiston qonunchiligida mavjud bo‘shliqlar tahlil qilinib, yangi turdagi raqamli jinoyatlarga qarshi huquqiy mexanizmlarni ishlab chiqish zarurati asoslab beriladi.

Ushbu maqolada fizika yo‘nalishidagi universitet talabalari uchun yarimo‘tkazgichli lazerlarni o‘qitishda axborot texnologiyalari va virtual laboratoriyalardan foydalanish masalasi nazariy jihatdan tahlil qilingan. Amaldagi ta’lim jarayonida mazkur texnologiyalarning yetarli darajada qo‘llanilmayotgani muammo sifatida ko‘rsatib o‘tilgan. Lazer hodisasining murakkab fizik tabiati va uni an’anaviy metodlar bilan tushuntirishdagi qiyinchiliklar yoritilgan. Shuningdek, zamonaviy axborot-kommunikatsiya texnologiyalari, xususan interaktiv dasturlar, 3D modellashtirish, virtual laboratoriyalar va multimedia vositalarining talabalarda mavzuni tushunishga bo’lgan ta’siri o’rganilgan.