Ushbu maqolada O‘zbekiston Respublikasi fuqarolik huquqida ma’naviy zararni qoplash institutining nazariy-huquqiy asoslari va uni sud amaliyotida qo‘llash bilan bog‘liq dolzarb muammolar kompleks ravishda tahlil qilingan. Muallif ma’naviy zarar tushunchasining huquqiy tabiatini, uning tarkibiy elementlari hamda fuqarolik-huquqiy javobgarlik tizimidagi o‘rnini tadqiq etadi. Maqolada amaldagi Fuqarolik kodeksi hamda Oliy sud Plenumi qarorlari qiyosiy o‘rganilib, ma’naviy zarar miqdorini aniqlashda subyektivlikni kamaytirish va xolis mezonlarni (kriteriylarni) ishlab chiqish masalalariga alohida e’tibor qaratilgan. Shuningdek, shaxsning nomoddiy ne’matlari va shaxsiy nomulkiy huquqlari buzilganda (shon-sharaf, qadr-qimmat, ishchanlik obro‘si, shaxsiy hayot daxlsizligi) yetkazilgan zararni qoplashning xorijiy davlatlar (presedent va kontinental huquq tizimi) tajribasi qiyosiy-huquqiy (komparativ) jihatdan o‘rganilgan. Sud amaliyotidagi mavjud kolliziyalar, xususan, ma’naviy zararni pul shaklida baholashda yagona metodikaning mavjud emasligi va javobgarning aybidan qat’i nazar zararni qoplatish asoslarini kengaytirish zarurati asoslab berilgan. Tadqiqot yakunida milliy qonunchilikni modernizatsiya qilish, Fuqarolik kodeksining yangi tahririga tegishli o‘zgartish va qo‘shimchalar kiritish hamda sudlar tomonidan adolat va oqillik mezonlarini qo‘llash amaliyotini unifikatsiya qilish bo‘yicha ilmiy-amaliy taklif va tavsiyalar ilgari surilgan.

Maqolada mulk huquqining vujudga kelishi, o‘zgarishi va bekor bo‘lishining huquqiy asoslari tahlil qilinadi. O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Fuqarolik kodeksi normalari hamda ilmiy-huquqiy qarashlar asosida mulk huquqining yuzaga kelishiga sabab bo‘luvchi yuridik faktlar, uning o‘zgarishiga olib keluvchi huquqiy munosabatlar va bekor bo‘lish asoslari o‘rganiladi. Shuningdek, mulk huquqini amalga oshirish va himoya qilish bilan bog‘liq ayrim masalalar yoritiladi.

The rapid development of digital educational technologies has created new demands for the automation and intelligent analysis of educational content. Across the world, and especially in countries undergoing rapid digitalization such as Uzbekistan, educational institutions are increasingly deploying e-learning platforms, digital textbook repositories, and automated assessment systems. These platforms generate and manage enormous volumes of exercises, questions, and instructional tasks that must be organized, classified, and evaluated in a principled manner. Without a rigorous approach to understanding the semantic content of exercises, such platforms cannot effectively adapt to the needs of individual learners, align with curriculum standards, or provide meaningful feedback to educators and policymakers. This article proposes a mathematical model for the semantic analysis of exercises used in automated learning systems. The model is built on three complementary components: vector-space representation of textual content, probabilistic dependency graphs that capture the grammatical and relational structure of exercise statements, and ontological mapping of domain-specific concepts drawn from official curriculum taxonomies. Together, these components allow the model to classify exercises by cognitive complexity, assess their semantic relevance to defined learning objectives, and evaluate their internal structural coherence. Experimental results obtained from a corpus of over four thousand Uzbek-language educational exercises demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach, yielding an average classification accuracy of 91.4% across STEM subject domains. The study makes a foundational contribution to the theoretical basis of intelligent tutoring systems and adaptive learning platforms in Uzbekistan.

Mazkur maqolada yurak-tomir sistemasi kasalliklarining kelib chiqish sabablari, asosiy turlari, diagnostikasi, davolash va profilaktika choralari yoritilgan. Shuningdek, ushbu kasalliklarning inson salomatligiga ta’siri hamda ularni oldini olishda sog‘lom turmush tarzining ahamiyati tahlil qilingan.

Ushbu maqolada korxonaning biologik aktivlaridan hosil yig‘ib olingan paytdagi qishloq xo‘jaligi mahsuloti tushunchasi, qishloq xo‘jaligi aktivlarini baholashda qo‘llaniladigan joriy bozor qiymati metodologiyalari hamda biologik aktivlarni tan olish, o‘lchash va baholash tartiblari yoritiladi. Maqola avvalo qishloq xo‘jaligi tarmog‘ida baholovchi foydalanishi mumkin bo‘lgan turli yondashuvlarni aniqlaydi va bu metodlarni izohlaydi. Korxona haqqoniy qiymati ishonchli aniqlanishi mumkin bo‘lgan biologik aktivlar uchun haqqoniy qiymat modelidan, boshqa biologik aktivlar uchun esa tannarx modelidan foydalanadi. Tadqiqotga ko‘ra, hosil beruvchi o‘simliklar uchun tarixiy tannarx yondashuvi, tirik hayvonlar uchun esa haqqoniy qiymat asosida o‘lchash maqsadga muvofiqdir.