Qadimgi turkiy tillar, xususan XIII asrgacha bo‘lgan davr til materiallarini to‘plagan Sir Gerard Clauson o‘zining “An Etymological Dictionary of Pre-Thirteenth-Century Turkish” nomli nodir asarida turkiy tillar etimologiyasiga yirik hissa qo‘shgan. Mazkur lug‘atda minglab fe’llar fonetik, morfologik va semantik mezonlar asosida izohlangan. Qadimiy matnlardagi shakllari, turli turkiy lahjalardagi variantlari, qo‘llanish konteksti, hosila so‘zlar yasalishi haqida batafsil ma’lumotlar berilgan. Ushbu maqolada Sir Gerard Clausonning etimologik lugʻati asosida Chigʻatoy tilidagi ayrim fe’llarning kelib chiqishi, semantik o‘zgarishlari va boshqa turkiy tillardagi shakllari tahlil qilinadi. Etimologik izlanishlar orqali bu fe’llarning tarixiy-maʼnaviy qatlamlari yoritilib, ularning zamonaviy o‘zbek tilidagi izlari ko‘rsatiladi.

Oziq-ovqat chiqindilari bugungi kunda dunyo miqyosida ekologik va iqtisodiy muammolarni keltirib chiqarmoqda. Ushbu maqolada oziq-ovqat chiqindilarining turlari, ularning atrof-muhitga ta'siri, hamda chiqindilarni kamaytirish va qayta ishlash usullari haqida batafsil ma'lumot berilgan. Asosiy e'tibor chiqindilarni qayta ishlashning innovatsion texnologiyalari va ularni samarali boshqarish tizimlariga qaratilgan. Shuningdek, oziq-ovqat chiqindilarini kamaytirish bo'yicha ta'lim, rag'batlantirish va iqtisodiy rag'batlar haqidagi takliflar ham muhokama qilingan.

This article explores Iran-Ottoman relations during the Qajar era (1794–1925), highlighting both cooperation and competition between the two neighbors. Their collaboration brought significant achievements in economy, culture, politics, and security, while conflicts—mainly rooted in border issues, ethnic minorities, and foreign interventions (particularly Russian and British)—often led to wars. Despite these tensions, efforts to maintain peaceful relations marked this era as relatively stable compared to earlier periods like the Safavid, Afsharid, and Zand dynasties. Key events such as the First and Second Treaties of Erzurum reflect the deepening of bilateral ties. Although full success was not achieved, this period holds a notable place in the history of both nations for fostering cooperation in political, cultural, economic, and military spheres. The study adopts a descriptive and library-based research approach, concluding that these shared interests are strong foundations for continued collaboration.

This article examines innovative approaches to foreign language acquisition in the educational process. Special attention is given to the use of digital technologies, artificial intelligence, gamification, immersion methodology, and personalized learning programs. The advantages of online platforms, mobile applications, role‑playing games, language clubs, and Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) are analyzed.

Ushbu maqolada ta’lim jarayonida innovatsion texnologiyalar va zamonaviy metodlardan foydalanishning ahamiyati, ularning o‘quvchilarning bilim olish motivatsiyasiga, mustaqil fikrlashiga va amaliy ko‘nikmalarni shakllantirishga ta’siri tahlil qilinadi. Shuningdek, STEAM, interfaol metodlar, raqamli platformalar, elektron darsliklar, multimedia vositalari kabi vositalarning ta’lim samaradorligini oshirishdagi roli yoritiladi. Maqolada tajriba asosida olingan natijalar, amaliy misollar va innovatsion yondashuvlar asosida berilgan takliflar ham bayon etilgan.