Mazkur maqolada, Ulugʻbek Hamdamning "Ota" romani milliy chizg'ilar nuqtai nazaridan tahlil qilinadi. Romanning asosiy mavzulari, syujeti, personajlari va til xususiyatlari orqali, uning milliy o'ziga xosligini, adabiy an'analar va zamonaviy ta'sirlar o'rtasidagi bog'liqlikni o'rganish maqsad qilindi. Ulugʻbek Hamdamning "Ota" romani o'zining milliylikni o'zida aks ettirgan hikoyasi orqali zamonamizning ijtimoiy va ma'naviy muammolarini yoritadi.

Bul maqalada Berdaq baqsi mektebinen shiqqan baqsilardiń atqariwindaǵi qosiq namalar haqqında sóz etilgen.

This article comprehensively examines the critical role of communicative competence in shaping the professional identity of future English language teachers. It underscores the necessity of integrating intercultural communication skills with linguistic proficiency to prepare teachers for increasingly multicultural classrooms. Through a mixed-methods research design involving surveys, interviews, and classroom observations, this study identifies prevailing challenges faced by trainee teachers in acquiring effective communication culture. Furthermore, it proposes innovative pedagogical strategies that emphasize experiential learning, cultural sensitivity, and learner autonomy. The findings contribute to curriculum development discussions and highlight the need for systemic changes in teacher education programs.

Мазкур мақолада Ўзбекистонда маъмурий (оммавий) судлар тизимининг шаклланиши, ҳуқуқий асослари ва суд тизимидаги ўрни таҳлил қилинган. Шунингдек, Германия, Франция, АҚШ ва Япония каби ривожланган мамлакатларда маъмурий адолатни таъминлаш моделлари ўрганилиб, улар билан Ўзбекистон тажрибаси қиёсий таҳлил қилинган. Тадқиқот натижасида маъмурий судларнинг институционал тузилиши, юрисдикцияси ва фаолият самарадорлиги борасида умумий ва фарқли жиҳатлар аниқланди. Мақолада маъмурий судлар фаолиятини такомиллаштириш бўйича амалий тавсиялар ҳам ишлаб чиқилди.

Menopause is a critical transitional phase in a woman’s life characterized by the cessation of ovarian function and the end of menstruation. It is often accompanied by a range of physical, emotional, and metabolic symptoms that vary in intensity and duration. Recent research indicates that vitamin D plays a significant role not only in bone metabolism but also in the modulation of menopausal symptoms. The aim of this study was to investigate the features of the menopausal course in women diagnosed with vitamin D deficiency and determine how hypovitaminosis D influences the severity of menopausal manifestations. The study revealed a notable correlation between low serum levels of vitamin D and the severity of vasomotor symptoms, mood disorders, sleep disturbances, and musculoskeletal pain. This research underlines the importance of monitoring and correcting vitamin D levels in peri- and postmenopausal women to reduce symptom burden and improve overall quality of life. The menopausal period represents a pivotal phase in the physiological aging process of women, characterized by profound hormonal, psychological, and metabolic transitions. Beyond the well-documented decline in estrogen levels, micronutrient imbalances—particularly vitamin D deficiency—have emerged as critical modifiers of menopausal health outcomes. This study explores the intricate interplay between hypovitaminosis D and the clinical progression of menopause, focusing on symptom intensity, systemic complications, and quality of life implications. The investigation, conducted on a representative cohort of postmenopausal women, revealed a significant amplification of menopausal discomfort in individuals with deficient serum vitamin D levels. Notably, manifestations such as thermal dysregulation, cognitive disturbances, emotional instability, and skeletal complaints were disproportionately prevalent in this subgroup. These findings suggest a potential therapeutic target in vitamin D optimization to mitigate the climacteric burden and promote healthier aging trajectories among menopausal populations.