Ushbu maqolada Alisher Navoiyning “Navoiy” taxallusining dunyo tillaridagi yozilishi, transliteratsiya va fonetik moslashuv jarayonlari tahlil etildi. Tadqiqot doirasida taxallusning arab va fors alifbosidagi shakllari, rus, ingliz, nemis va oʻzbek tillaridagi orfografik va bibliografik qiyoslari oʻrganildi. Xalqaro bibliografik tizimlarda (Library of Congress, Deutsche Nationalbibliothek, VIAF va boshqalarda) Navoiy taxallusining turlicha qayd etilishi uning ilmiy tadqiqotlarda identifikasiyasiga ta’sir koʻrsatishi qayd etildi. Maqolada transliteratsiyaning turli standartlari — ALA-LC, ISO 9, BGN/PCGN va milliy oʻzbek lotin alifbosi asosida taxallus shakllarining farqlari va ularning madaniy hamda adabiy qabul qilinishi tahlil qilindi. Shu bilan birga, transliterasiya va tarjima oʻrtasidagi farq, taxallusning semantik yuki va uning turkiy madaniy merosdagi ramziy ahamiyatiga e’tibor qaratildi. Taxallusning xalqaro miqyosda yagona yozuv shaklida qayd etilishi zarurligini ilgari surilgan va uning bibliografik tizimlarda standartlashtirilishi yuzasidan takliflar berishga intilingan.

This article investigates the psychological barriers in English language teaching in general education schools and analyzes evidence-based strategies to overcome them, drawing on both local observations and international research. Common psychological obstacles such as language anxiety, lack of motivation, and low self-esteem are discussed. Research from scholars such as Horwitz (1986), Dörnyei (2001), and Krashen (1982) is used to ground the findings. The paper proposes a set of interventions, including emotional scaffolding, student autonomy, and teacher training in English language teaching on international best practices.

Мазкур мақолада Ўзбекистонда маъмурий (оммавий) судлар тизимининг шаклланиши, ҳуқуқий асослари ва суд тизимидаги ўрни таҳлил қилинган. Шунингдек, Германия, Франция, АҚШ ва Япония каби ривожланган мамлакатларда маъмурий адолатни таъминлаш моделлари ўрганилиб, улар билан Ўзбекистон тажрибаси қиёсий таҳлил қилинган. Тадқиқот натижасида маъмурий судларнинг институционал тузилиши, юрисдикцияси ва фаолият самарадорлиги борасида умумий ва фарқли жиҳатлар аниқланди. Мақолада маъмурий судлар фаолиятини такомиллаштириш бўйича амалий тавсиялар ҳам ишлаб чиқилди.

Menopause is a critical transitional phase in a woman’s life characterized by the cessation of ovarian function and the end of menstruation. It is often accompanied by a range of physical, emotional, and metabolic symptoms that vary in intensity and duration. Recent research indicates that vitamin D plays a significant role not only in bone metabolism but also in the modulation of menopausal symptoms. The aim of this study was to investigate the features of the menopausal course in women diagnosed with vitamin D deficiency and determine how hypovitaminosis D influences the severity of menopausal manifestations. The study revealed a notable correlation between low serum levels of vitamin D and the severity of vasomotor symptoms, mood disorders, sleep disturbances, and musculoskeletal pain. This research underlines the importance of monitoring and correcting vitamin D levels in peri- and postmenopausal women to reduce symptom burden and improve overall quality of life. The menopausal period represents a pivotal phase in the physiological aging process of women, characterized by profound hormonal, psychological, and metabolic transitions. Beyond the well-documented decline in estrogen levels, micronutrient imbalances—particularly vitamin D deficiency—have emerged as critical modifiers of menopausal health outcomes. This study explores the intricate interplay between hypovitaminosis D and the clinical progression of menopause, focusing on symptom intensity, systemic complications, and quality of life implications. The investigation, conducted on a representative cohort of postmenopausal women, revealed a significant amplification of menopausal discomfort in individuals with deficient serum vitamin D levels. Notably, manifestations such as thermal dysregulation, cognitive disturbances, emotional instability, and skeletal complaints were disproportionately prevalent in this subgroup. These findings suggest a potential therapeutic target in vitamin D optimization to mitigate the climacteric burden and promote healthier aging trajectories among menopausal populations.

Mazkur maqolada tilshunoslikdagi polifunksionallik hodisasi nazariy jihatdan ko‘rib chiqiladi. Til birliklarining bir vaqtning o‘zida bir necha vazifani bajarish xususiyati lingvistik tizimning murakkabligini, ijtimoiy-kommunikativ muhitga moslashuvchanligini ifodalaydi. Maqoladagi polifunksionallik tushunchasining mohiyati, turli til darajalarida namoyon bo‘lishi, kontekst bilan bog‘liqligi va amaliy tilshunoslikdagi ahamiyati yoritiladi. Shuningdek, bir qator olimlarning polifunksionallik haqidagi nazariyalari tilga olinadi.