This article examines the role of speech acts in the development of pragmatic competence among EFL (English as a Foreign Language) learners, with a specific focus on how language conveys social meaning. It explores how explicit instruction in requests, refusals, apologies, and other speech acts can improve learners' ability to communicate appropriately across cultural and situational contexts. The study argues for the inclusion of pragmatic elements in language teaching as a means of promoting authentic, socially aware communication.

This scientific paper explores the general pathophysiological mechanisms of inflammation, a fundamental biological response to harmful stimuli such as infection, injury, or immune dysregulation. The study provides a comprehensive overview of the key stages of inflammation, including initiation, amplification, and resolution, as well as the complex cellular and molecular components involved. Special emphasis is placed on immune cells such as macrophages, neutrophils, and lymphocytes, along with inflammatory mediators including cytokines, chemokines, prostaglandins, and nitric oxide. The work distinguishes between acute and chronic inflammation, explaining their unique features, triggers, and pathological consequences. Disruption in this process is highlighted as a major contributor to long-term inflammatory conditions such as autoimmune disorders, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. Clinical implications, diagnostic markers, and therapeutic strategies targeting specific pathways of inflammation are also addressed. This research is intended to serve as a valuable resource for students of medical and biological sciences, healthcare professionals, and researchers interested in immunology and disease mechanisms.

Ushbu maqolada o‘zbek tilshunosligidagi kelishiklar va tilshunos olimlarning bu boradagi gipotezalari va genezisi haqida bayon etilgan.

Listening is one of the most essential skills in language acquisition, and it plays a pivotal role in mastering the English language. This paper explores the significance of listening skills in English language learning, analyzing the various methods and approaches to improve listening comprehension, while also highlighting the challenges faced by learners. The study reviews existing literature on the topic, identifies key strategies, and discusses how listening proficiency can enhance overall language competence. By synthesizing both theoretical and practical perspectives, this paper aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the role of listening in the language learning process.

Ushbu maqolada xorijiy tilni o‘rganishda she’r va qo‘shiqlardan foydalanishning didaktik va metodik ahamiyati yoritilgan. Tadqiqot jarayonida she’riy va musiqiy materiallarning lug‘at boyligini oshirish, talaffuzni yaxshilash, tinglab tushunish ko‘nikmasini rivojlantirish va o‘quvchilarning tilga nisbatan motivatsiyasini kuchaytirishdagi ijobiy ta’siri aniqlangan. She’r va qo‘shiqlar orqali darslar yanada ijodiy, emotsional va interaktiv tus olishi, til o‘rgatishda yuqori samaradorlik berishi ko‘rsatib o‘tilgan.