Fair competition in the marketplace benefits consumers, sellers, and society; however, in some cases, certain traders may resort to unfair methods or violate competition laws and harm each other's commercial interests. In such cases, the issues of civil and criminal liability arise from unfair competition. Unfair competition can be defined as any competition that is conducted contrary to the norms of honorable conduct and trade. It is an aggressive behavior that arises from the misuse of a specific freedom related to commercial activities that is not inherently prohibited and is permissible when used normally. The legislator has defined acceptable methods and fair competition to maintain market order and gain profit, and traders must use these legal methods in their transactions to avoid causing disorder in the market and harm to others. This article examines the enforcement mechanisms arising from unfair commercial competition in the legal system of Afghanistan. The findings indicate that the enforcement mechanisms arising from unfair competition in the legal system of Afghanistan include: compensation for damages, restoration of the previous state, monetary fines and in some cases imprisonment.

This article presents some considerations on the pronunciation and spelling of new loanwords. The correspondence and inconsistencies between the spelling and pronunciation of loanwords are analyzed. Also, recommendations are given on determining the correct pronunciation and spelling of loanwords.

In this scientific article, a comparative analysis of the concepts of ethnicity and nation is carried out. First, the historical, cultural and political aspects of the concepts of ethnicity and nation are deeply studied in the article. the differences and similarities between these are analyzed, the social importance, role in society, and specific characteristics of each are highlighted.

Let's understand motive and motivation. Scholars' views on motivation. Theories of motivation.

This article discusses the main types of temperament, their characteristics and their role in human personality. Temperament is the innate emotional and psychological characteristics of a person that shape social relationships, activities and emotional reactions. The article presents four main types of temperament: sanguine, choleric, phlegmatic and melancholic, and discusses the characteristics and advantages of each type. It also emphasizes the importance of understanding and comprehending temperament in personal development.