Статья посвящена анализу лексических заимствований в русском языке, с особым акцентом на влияние английского и других иностранных языков. Рассматриваются исторические этапы заимствования, современные тенденции и процессы адаптации заимствованных слов. Особое внимание уделено проблемам чрезмерного заимствования и их влиянию на языковую идентичность. Цель статьи — осветить баланс между необходимостью заимствований и сохранением языковой самобытности.

This work studies the similarities and differences between the grammar of English and Uzbek in a comparative manner. Particular attention is paid to the word classes, sentence structure, tense system, word order, and verb forms of both languages. The analytical structure of English and the agglutinative features of Uzbek are analyzed by comparison using examples. Grammatical problems encountered in the translation process and ways to overcome them are also considered. This work may be useful for language learners, translators, and linguists.

Ushbu maqolada kichik maktab yosh xususiyatlari, ularning psixologiyasi, bilish jarayonlari, irodaviy sifatlari, shaxslararo munosabati va muloqotchanligi, o’qish faoliyati kabi asosiy jihatlari hamda farzand tarbiyasi haqida aytib òtilgan fikrlar bilan ham tanishib chiqishingiz mumkin.

This article examines the wide-ranging advantages of developing strong reading abilities among secondary school students. It emphasizes how effective reading comprehension contributes to academic achievement in all subjects, sharpens critical thinking, nurtures creativity and imagination, and encourages lifelong learning habits. Additionally, the article outlines strategies for educators to foster reading interest and improve comprehension in the secondary school environment.

False testimony is considered one of the significant challenges in the judicial system of Afghanistan, having widespread negative impacts on the implementation of justice. This article explores the concept, elements, and penalties for false testimony in Hanafi jurisprudence and the Afghanistan’s Penal Code. According to findings, in Hanafi jurisprudence, false testimony is regarded as a major sin, with penalties such as public humiliation, flogging, and imprisonment prescribed for it. In the Afghanistan criminal justice system, false testimony is also defined as a crime with punishments such as imprisonment, fines, and the imposition of penalties on the false witness based on its impact on the proceedings. The aim of this research is to clarify and examine the crime of false testimony in the Afghanistan’s criminal justice system and to seek answers regarding what constitutes false testimony within this system. The research method employed in this article is fundamental, with information gathered using a descriptive-analytical approach and through library research. The results indicate that Afghan legislators largely follow the views of Imam Abu Yusuf and Muhammad, students of Imam Abu Hanifa, and have attempted to prevent the proliferation of this phenomenon through legal measures. The similarities of this crime in Hanafi jurisprudence and Afghanistan’s criminal law include legal and jurisprudential foundations, attention to the effects of false testimony, penalties for false testimony, and the nature of the crime of false testimony. The differences include the legal approach versus the jurisprudential approach, occurrence only in court sessions versus occurrence in court sessions and before judicial officers, differences in the severity of penalties, civil and criminal liability, and how to deal with false testimony after a verdict is issued.