In international documents, various definitions of torture have been presented, with the most comprehensive and reasonable being the definition provided in the Convention Against Torture of 1984. Article 1 of this Convention states that, for the purposes of the Convention, the term "torture" refers to any intentional act that causes severe physical or mental pain or suffering to a person, for the purpose of obtaining information or confessions from him or a third person. It also encompasses punishing a person for an act that he or a third person has committed or is suspected of committing, or threatening or coercing him or a third person. Punishment based on any form of discrimination is also considered torture. However, the same article adds that pain and suffering resulting from the inherent or incidental characteristics of lawful penalties are excluded from this definition. Among the international guarantees against torture in the international legal system are the Convention Against Torture of 1984, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the Geneva Conventions, the Statute of the International Criminal Court, the European Convention on Human Rights, the American Convention on Human Rights, and the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights. Establishing the position of the prohibition of torture in the international legal system as one of the absolute principles contributes to preventing violations of the prohibition of torture, upholding human rights, and ensuring fair trials within the judicial process.

International criminal proceedings have been consistently criticized due to the lack of an international legislative system, mandatory competent courts, and organized enforcement mechanisms. These factors are essential for establishing a comprehensive and credible legal framework. These shortcomings were particularly evident during the Nuremberg and Tokyo trials, where reliance on the concept of "justice" could not fill the void left by the absence of "legality." The criticisms raised during and after these trials highlighted the importance of the principles of legality of crimes and punishments within international criminal law. Although the process of accepting and establishing these principles has been slow, it has progressed steadily. A historical examination of international criminal proceedings—from the Leipzig High Court in the early 20th century, the Nuremberg and Tokyo trials in the mid-century, the International Criminal Tribunals for the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda in the 1990s, and ad hoc tribunals like the Special Court for Sierra Leone to the International Criminal Court (ICC) at the beginning of the 21st century—demonstrates a profound and gradual evolution in the acceptance and implementation of the principles of legality of crimes and punishments. This process began with denial and initial indifference to these principles and ultimately reached a point where adherence to them was explicitly stated as a legal necessity. This evolution reflects the continuous efforts of the international community to strengthen the legal foundations of international criminal proceedings and ensure the rights of the accused.

This paper explores the effectiveness and safety of anesthetic support methods used in pediatric outpatient surgery. Outpatient procedures in children require careful anesthetic planning due to their unique physiological and psychological characteristics. The paper examines various anesthetic techniques including general, regional, and local anesthesia with sedation, highlighting their applications, benefits, and limitations. It also discusses essential safety measures such as preoperative assessment, intraoperative monitoring, and postoperative care. Special attention is given to recent advancements in pediatric anesthesia, such as short-acting drugs, improved monitoring systems, and multimodal analgesia. The findings emphasize the importance of a multidisciplinary approach involving trained specialists, child-centered protocols, and evidence-based practices to ensure successful and safe surgical outcomes.

Mazkur ishda Shashmaqom tizimining musiqiy tuzilishi, uning asosiy qismlari, lad-tonal tizimi va kompozitsion qurilishi chuqur tahlil qilinadi. Shuningdek, Shashmaqomning estetik asoslari, ya’ni ohang, ritm, poetik mazmun va ijro uslubining o‘zaro uyg‘unligi orqali yaratilgan go‘zallik mezonlari yoritiladi. Tadqiqotda Shashmaqomning o‘ziga xosligi, milliy musiqiy tafakkurdagi o‘rni hamda madaniy meros sifatidagi qadriyati nazariy va amaliy jihatdan asoslab beriladi. Shashmaqomning badiiy-estetik ta’siri uning ijro an’analari, tinglovchi bilan muloqoti va musiqiy obrazlar yaratish vositalari orqali ochib beriladi.

Ushbu maqolada jismoniy shaxslarni soliqqa tortishda ijtimoiy chegirmalarning xalqaro tajribasi o‘rganilgan. AQSh, Yevropa, Sharqiy Osiyo va Skandinaviya mamlakatlari misolida ularning yondashuvlari, soliq siyosatidagi asosiy maqsadlar, chegirmalar shakllari va O‘zbekistondagi amaliyot bilan solishtiruvlar tahlil qilingan. Shuningdek, O‘zbekiston uchun mos takliflar ilgari surilgan.