This article explores the challenges and opportunities associated with teaching foreign languages through the use of innovative pedagogical technologies. It discusses the evolution of technological tools in language education, ranging from multimedia resources to cutting-edge technologies such as artificial intelligence, virtual reality, and augmented reality.

Mazkur maqolada astronomiyaga oid matnlarni ingliz tilidan o‘zbek tiliga va aksincha tarjima qilishda uchraydigan asosiy muammolar tahlil qilinadi. Tarjima jarayonida yuzaga keladigan lingvistik, terminologik va madaniy tafovutlar, shuningdek, ilmiy atamalarning to‘g‘ri ekvivalentlarini topishdagi qiyinchiliklar yoritilgan. Shuningdek, maqolada tarjima jarayonida qo‘llanilishi mumkin bo‘lgan samarali strategiyalar, xususan, kontekstual tahlil, atamalar bazasi yaratish va tarjimonning ixtisoslashuvi muhim omil sifatida ko‘rsatib o‘tiladi. Tadqiqotda inglizcha va o‘zbekcha astronomik matnlar tahlil qilinib, amaliy misollar orqali muammolar va ularning yechimlari ko‘rsatib berilgan.

This article explores the critical role of cytokines in the development and progression of autoimmune disorders. Cytokines, as key regulators of the immune system, maintain the balance between immune activation and tolerance. The disruption of this balance, particularly the overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines and insufficient anti-inflammatory responses, contributes to chronic inflammation and tissue damage characteristic of autoimmune diseases. The review discusses major cytokine families involved, signaling pathways, and their interactions that lead to immune dysregulation. Additionally, it highlights current therapeutic strategies targeting cytokines and the challenges faced in treatment due to cytokine redundancy and patient variability. Understanding cytokine involvement provides valuable insights into autoimmune pathogenesis and offers potential for more precise and effective therapies.

Ushbu maqolada globallashuv jarayonining maktab ta’lim tizimiga ta’siri hamda o‘quvchilarni tarbiyalashda innovatsion yondashuvlarning ahamiyati tahlil qilinadi.

Ushbu maqolada Atoiy devonida kelgan etnonimlar tahlil etiladi. Devonda uchraydigan etnik nomlar turli xalqlar, qabilalar bilan bog`liq bo`lib, ularning leksik-semantik va badiiy-estetik vazifalari yoritilgan. Shoir ijodida etnonimlarning qo`llanish uslubiyati hamda o`ziga xosliklari ochib beriladi. Etnik birliklarning qo`llashdagi Atoiyning badiiy mahorati yoritiladi.