Small biopsies are of great importance in pathological diagnostics, as they allow for the early detection of many diseases and the determination of treatment strategies. However, morphological errors that occur during the evaluation of these samples can lead to incorrect diagnosis and a negative impact on the patient's health. The article analyzes the main morphological errors that occur during the study of small biopsies, their causes and clinical consequences. It also highlights the importance of improving the biopsy technique, proper sample preparation, and the use of modern diagnostic methods (immunohistochemistry, molecular diagnostics) to prevent errors. The study also shows the possibilities of reducing diagnostic errors by improving the professional skills of pathologists and strengthening quality control.

Ushbu maqolada boshlang‘ich sinflarda ona tili va o‘qish savodxonligi darslarini samarali tashkil etish xususida fikr yuritiladi, ya’ni dars davomida o‘quvchilarni dars jarayoniga turli didaktik o‘yinlar yordamida jalb qilishning bir necha usullari ko‘rib chiqiladi.

Ushbu maqolada ta‘lim muassasalarida o‘qitish metodikasining dolzarb muammolari tahlil qilinadi. Maqolada zamonaviy pedagogik yondashuvlar, interaktiv ta‘lim metodlarining ahamiyati, ta‘lim va tarbiyaning integratsiyasi, o‘qituvchilar va o‘quvchilar o‘rtasidagi aloqalarning zaifligi kabi masalalar ko‘rib chiqiladi.

Pneumonia is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in children with congenital hydrocephalus, posing unique challenges in diagnosis and treatment. This study aims to explore the specific features of pneumonia progression in children born with hydrocephalus, focusing on the interplay between neurological impairments and respiratory vulnerability. Hydrocephalus, a condition characterized by the abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain, can lead to various neurological deficits, which in turn increase the susceptibility to respiratory infections, including pneumonia. The study employs a retrospective analysis of clinical data from pediatric patients diagnosed with hydrocephalus who were also treated for pneumonia. Data were collected on the clinical presentation, diagnostic methods, treatment protocols, and outcomes of pneumonia in these patients. Key findings revealed that children with hydrocephalus often present with atypical pneumonia symptoms, including lethargy, irritability, and feeding difficulties, which complicates early diagnosis. Furthermore, respiratory defense mechanisms in these children are compromised due to poor neuromuscular control and swallowing dysfunction, leading to an increased risk of aspiration pneumonia.

Ushbu maqolada o'smirlarda o'z-o'zini baholash muammosi, uning shaxs rivojlanishidagi ahamiyati va uni shakllantirish yo'llari tahlil qilingan. O'z-o'zini baholash shaxsning muhim tarkibiy qismi sifatida o'smirlik davrida faol shakllanadi va keyingi hayot yo'nalishini belgilashda muhim ahamiyat kasb etadi. Maqolada o'z-o'zini baholashning psixologik-pedagogik mohiyati, unga ta'sir etuvchi omillar, o'smirlarda o'z-o'zini baholash muammolari va ularning namoyon bo'lish shakllari, shuningdek, adekvat o'z-o'zini baholashni shakllantirish yo'llari o'rganilgan.