The automatization of the heart is its fundamental ability to independently generate electrical impulses that initiate heart contractions, without external stimulation from the nervous system. This review is devoted to a comprehensive review of this phenomenon. The main driver of the rhythm is normally the sinoatrial (CA) node, whose cells have unique electrophysiological properties, in particular, the ability to slow spontaneous diastolic depolarization (phase 4 of the action potential). This process is based on the complex dynamics of ion currents, including the "funny" current (If), calcium currents (ICa,T, ICa,L) and potassium currents (IK). The review examines in detail the ionic mechanisms of pacemaker activity, the hierarchy of pacemakers (CA node, atrioventricular node, Gis-Purkinje system) and the phenomenon of suppression of the underlying centers of automatism (overdrive suppression). The mechanisms of regulation of heart rate by the autonomic nervous system (sympathetic and parasympathetic), humoral factors (adrenaline, thyroid hormones) and other influences (temperature, ion balance, hypoxia) are highlighted. The clinical significance of automation is discussed, including pathological conditions such as CA node dysfunction (sinus node weakness syndrome), ectopic foci of automatism, atrial and ventricular arrhythmias associated with abnormal automation, as well as approaches to their diagnosis (ECG) and treatment (antiarrhythmic drugs, artificial pacemakers). In conclusion, modern research directions in this field are considered, including the study of the genetic basis of automatism disorders and the development of biological rhythm drivers.

Ushbu maqolada O‘zbekistonda sport tadbirlarini tashkil etishdagi ichki imkoniyatlar, davlat siyosati, sport federatsiyalari faoliyati va xalqaro tashkilotlar bilan hamkorlik masalalari tahlil qilinadi. Milliy sport infratuzilmasining takomillashuvi, xalqaro miqyosda e’tirof etilgan musobaqalarni o‘tkazish, xorijiy mutaxassislar bilan tajriba almashinuvi va homiylik hamkorliklari orqali sport rivojiga hissa qo‘shish masalalariga e’tibor qaratilgan.

In this article today, the focus is on the student, his personality and unique inner world. Therefore, the main goal of a modern teacher is to choose methods and forms of organizing students whose educational activities are optimally compatible with the goal of personality development. In recent years, the issue of using new information technologies in schools has been increasingly raised.

Mazkur maqolada shaharlarda yuzaga kelayotgan mikroiqlim o‘zgarishlari va ular bilan bog‘liq ekologik muammolar muhokama qilinadi. Asosiy e’tibor muhandislik asosidagi yechimlarga — yashil tomlar, aqlli ventilyatsiya tizimlari, aerodinamik loyihalash, suvni qayta aylantirish tizimlari kabi yondashuvlarga qaratilgan. Shahar iqlimini nazorat qilish orqali ekologik barqarorlikka erishish yo‘llari tahlil qilinadi.

Mazkur maqolada 5-sinf oʻquvchilariga iboralarni oʻrgatishningsamarali usullari yoritilgan. Unda iboraning ta'rifi, turlari, nutqdagi vazifasi hamda ularni dars jarayonida tushunarli tarzda oʻqitish yoʻllari haqida tavsiyalar berilgan. Shuningdek, oʻquvchilarning yosh xususiyatlari va bilim darajasini inobatga olgan holda interfaol metodlar mashq va topshiriqlardan foydalanish, iboralarni kontekstda anglashni oʻrgatish, nutqiy kompetensiyani rivojlantirish boʻyicha takliflar keltirilgan. Qoʻllanma ona tili oʻqituvchilari uchun amaliy ahamiyatga ega boʻlib, iboralarni oʻzlashtirish jarayonini osonlashtirishga xizmat qiladi.