Ushbu maqolada XVIII–XIX asrlarda Xiva xonligi va Rossiya imperiyasi o‘rtasidagi siyosiy, diplomatik va harbiy munosabatlar tarixiy manbalar asosida tahlil qilinadi. Dastlab savdo va elchilik aloqalari shaklida boshlangan munosabatlar, vaqt o‘tishi bilan Rossiya imperiyasining bosqinchilik siyosati ta’sirida keskin tus olgan. 1873-yilgi harbiy yurish va uning oqibatida Xiva xonligining yarim mustamlakaga aylanishi ikki davlat o‘rtasidagi asimmetrik munosabatlarning yakuniy bosqichi sifatida ko‘rsatiladi. Mazkur tarixiy jarayonlar O‘rta Osiyodagi geosiyosiy o‘zgarishlarni anglashda muhim ilmiy ahamiyatga ega.

Ushbu maqolada XVI–XIX asrlarda Oʻrta Osiyo xonliklari — Buxoro, Xiva va Qo‘qon hamda Eron (Safaviylar, Afshoriylar va Qajarlar sulolalari) o‘rtasidagi diplomatik munosabatlar tarixiy manbalar asosida tahlil qilinadi. Mazkur aloqalarning shakllanishi, rivojlanishi va muayyan siyosiy voqealar ta’sirida o‘zgarishi o‘rganiladi. Shuningdek, diniy, iqtisodiy va harbiy omillarning diplomatik jarayonlarga ta’siri yoritiladi. Maqola orqali mintaqaviy geosiyosiy muvozanatda bu aloqalarning tutgan o‘rni ochib beriladi.

O‘zbekistonda sport sohasining rivojlanishi, uning iqtisodiy va ijtimoiy ahamiyati oshishi bilan birga, sport menejmenti tizimini takomillashtirish zarurati tobora ortib bormoqda. Sport menejmenti nafaqat sport tashkilotlarining samarali ishlashini ta’minlash, balki sportning ommalashuvi, infratuzilmani rivojlantirish va yoshlarni sportga jalb qilishda muhim ahamiyatga ega. Bugungi kunda O‘zbekistonda sport menejmenti tizimi hali shakllanmagan bo‘lib, bir qator muammolarni o‘z ichiga oladi. Ushbu maqolada O‘zbekistonda sport menejmentini rivojlantirishning muhim jihatlari va mavjud muammolarni hal qilish yo‘llari tahlil qilinadi.

Small biopsies are of great importance in pathological diagnostics, as they allow for the early detection of many diseases and the determination of treatment strategies. However, morphological errors that occur during the evaluation of these samples can lead to incorrect diagnosis and a negative impact on the patient's health. The article analyzes the main morphological errors that occur during the study of small biopsies, their causes and clinical consequences. It also highlights the importance of improving the biopsy technique, proper sample preparation, and the use of modern diagnostic methods (immunohistochemistry, molecular diagnostics) to prevent errors. The study also shows the possibilities of reducing diagnostic errors by improving the professional skills of pathologists and strengthening quality control.

This article explores the transformative role of Virtual Reality (VR) in modern marketing strategies, focusing on how immersive experiences are reshaping customer engagement and brand interaction. By analyzing global trends and recent case studies from companies and organizations like IKEA, Nike, and Samsung, the paper highlights VR's potential to elevate customer satisfaction, drive emotional connection, and generate measurable business outcomes. It also considers technological, psychological, and infrastructural challenges while providing actionable insights for marketers aiming to adopt VR as part of their digital strategy.