Ushbu maqolada boshlang‘ich sinf o‘quvchilarining matematik savodxonligini oshirishda mental arifmetikaning o‘rni va ahamiyati tahlil qilingan. Integratsiyalashgan yondashuv asosida matematika faniga bo‘lgan qiziqishni oshirish, aqliy rivojlanish, diqqatni jamlash va tez fikrlash ko‘nikmalarini shakllantirishda mental arifmetikaning ta’siri asoslangan. Asosiy qismda to‘rt yechilgan masala orqali mazkur metodikaning amaliy imkoniyatlari ochib beriladi.

Mazkur maqolada Buxoro amirligida Xattotlik san’ati va Xattotlik maktabi namoyandalari haqida ma’lumotlar keltirilgan va manbalar asosida tahlil etilgan.

Legal capacity, defined as an individual’s competence to acquire rights and bear obligations, is recognized as a fundamental principle in all legal systems. This study conducts a comparative analysis of commercial capacity within the legal frameworks of Afghanistan and Egypt. The central question of the research is whether the rules governing capacity in commercial matters are similar to those applied in civil affairs, or whether there are fundamental differences between the two domains. The aim of this study is to analyze and compare the concept of commercial capacity in the two legal systems and to examine whether legally incapacitated individuals are permitted to engage in commercial activities. The research adopts a descriptive-analytical method and is based on legal sources from both countries. The findings reveal that although the foundational principles of capacity are similar in both legal systems, there are notable differences in how these principles are applied. In particular, individuals under legal incapacity are not allowed to independently engage in commercial activities, even with the permission of a guardian or curator. Moreover, guardians or curators are also prohibited from conducting commercial activities on behalf of those under their care. This study is significant because a comparative examination of these laws can enhance the understanding and application of capacity rules in commercial matters in both countries.

Ushbu maqolada mental arifmetikaning boshlang‘ich sinf o‘quvchilarining matematik tafakkurini rivojlantirishdagi roli o‘rganiladi. Mental arifmetika nafaqat tez hisoblash malakalarini, balki tafakkur, xotira, diqqat va tasavvur kabi kognitiv kompetensiyalarni ham rivojlantiradi. Tadqiqotda turli metodlar asosida tajriba sinf o‘quvchilari bilan ish olib borilib, ularning natijalari tahlil qilindi.

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