Ushbu maqolada buyrak tosh kasalligi (nephrolithiasis) bilan og‘rigan bemorlarda so‘lak fassiyasi mikrokristallaridagi biomarkerlarni aniqlash orqali erta tashxis qo‘yishning zamonaviy usullari tadqiq etilgan. Tadqiqotda 30-65 yosh oralig‘idagi 150 nafar bemorning so‘lak namunalari polarizatsion mikroskopiya, Raman spektroskopiya, infraqizil spektroskopiya (FTIR) va mass-spektrometriya usullari yordamida tahlil qilingan. Natijalarga ko‘ra, bemorlarning 80% dan ortig‘rog‘i kalsiy oksalat mikrokristallar aniqlangan, bu esa ularning klinik ahamiyatini ko‘rsatadi. So‘lak biomarkerlari tahlillari noinvaziv, tezkor va rentgen-negativ toshlarni aniqlash imkoniyatini beruvchi usul bo‘lib, an’anaviy diagnostika usullari bilan solishtirilganda bir qator afzalliklarga ega.

Barchamizga ma’lumki, jazo tizimlari haqida so`z yuritayotganda o`lim jazosi hech qachon chetda qoldirilmaydi. Ushbu jazo chorasining kelib chiqishi juda uzoq tarixga borib taqalsada, haligacha dunyoning ko`plab mamlakatlarida oliy jazo sifatida qo`llanib kelinmoqda. Mazkur maqolada o`lim jazosi jinoyatchilikka qarshi kurashda qanday ahamiyat kasb etishi va uning inson huquqlariga ta`siri haqida so`z boradi.

This article examines the pedagogical aspects of forming learning motivation in primary school students. Students' interest in the educational process, activity, and internal desire to learn directly affect educational effectiveness. The article identifies the teacher's approach, personal interests, the role of the educational environment, and student-teacher relationships as important factors in forming the motivation process. It also emphasizes that students' motivation to learn can be increased through motivational methods, interactive learning, and practical activities. The article also examines the importance of using pedagogical technologies, encouraging students to think independently, and socio-psychological motivation. These recommendations will help teachers organize the educational process in primary school more effectively. Thus, this work is devoted to the study of theoretical and practical aspects of the formation of learning motivation in primary school students.

Ushbu maqola oilaviy hayot psixologiyasining jamiyatdagi ahamiyati va oilaning ijtimoiy funktsiyalari haqida tadqiqotlarga asoslangan holda oila psixologiyasi ahamiyati haqida ma’lumotlar keltirib o’tilgan. Oila psixologiyasining asosiy tushunchalari hozirgi zamon oilalarining tipologiyasi va funksiyalarini tahlil qilishga bag‘ishlangan tadqiqotlarni jamlagan holda tadqiqotlarni amalga oshirib kelmoqdamiz. Shu bilan birgalikda maqolada oilalarning funktsional imkoniyatlariga ko‘ra psixologik darajalari hamda noto‘liq oilalar shakllanishining o‘ziga xos ko‘rinishlariga ham to‘xtalib o‘tilgan. Shuningdek, oila psixologiyasi bo’yicha tadqiqotlar olib borilgan metodikalarga asoslangan holda psixologik yondashuvga asoslangan holda tadqiqot natijalari keltirib o’tilgan.

Mazkur maqolada pedagogika kasbining jamiyat rivojlanishidagi o‘rni tahlil qilingan. Pedagoglarning ta’lim jarayonidagi roli, ularning intellektual va axloqiy salohiyatni shakllantirishdagi ahamiyati ochib beriladi. Shuningdek, O‘zbekiston va xorijiy mamlakatlar tajribasi asosida pedagogikaning jamiyat taraqqiyotiga ta’siri ilmiy jihatdan tahlil qilinadi.