Ushbu ilmiy maqolada XI–XII asrlarda Saljuqiylar saltanati hukmronligi davrida Termiz shahrining siyosiy, ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy va madaniy rivoji har tomonlama tahlil qilingan. Movarounnahr hududiga Saljuqiylar ta’sirining kuchayishi, Termizning harbiy-strategik va diplomatik mavqei, xalqaro savdo tizimidagi o‘rni, shahar boshqaruvining o‘ziga xos jihatlari, shuningdek, arxeologik manbalar asosida madaniy hayotning taraqqiyoti yoritilgan. Maqolada Termizning bu davrda nafaqat mintaqaviy, balki xalqaro miqyosda ham muhim iqtisodiy, harbiy va ilmiy markaz bo‘lib shakllangani ilmiy manbalar asosida asoslab beriladi.

Ushbu ilmiy maqolada vitaminlar va biologik faol qo‘shimchalarning inson organizmidagi o‘rni, ularning fiziologik vazifalari, kimyoviy tarkibi, turlariga ko‘ra tasnifi hamda sog‘liq uchun ahamiyati tahlil qilingan. BAAlarning (biologik faol qo‘shimchalarning) oziq moddalar almashinuvi, immun tizimini mustahkamlash, modda almashinuvi jarayonlarini normallashtirish va kasalliklarning profilaktikasi hamda davolashdagi roli ilmiy asosda yoritilgan. Maqolada vitaminlarning tabiiy manbalari, qabul qilish me’yorlari, gipovitaminoz va giperavitaminoz kabi klinik holatlarning kelib chiqish sabablari, ularning oldini olish usullari keng yoritilgan.

Эта статья о Республике Каракалпакстан и ее истории.

This article explores how contemporary teenagers acquire a foreign language in a digital era shaped by short-form media, rapid communication, and personalized online environments. It highlights the shift from traditional textbook-based instruction toward methods aligned with adolescents’ cognitive and emotional needs. The analysis emphasizes that teenagers learn a language not for play, as younger children do, but as a tool for self-expression—through videos, comments, and digital content creation. The article examines how fragmented attention, often viewed as a disadvantage, can support learning through short, dynamic instructional cycles. It also discusses the effectiveness of project-based tasks that transform language learning into meaningful, personal experiences. The growing influence of social media immersion, authentic communication, and creative digital practices suggests that language becomes not merely an academic subject but an integral part of teenagers’ identity development. The study concludes that teaching methods aligned with the pace, emotions, and cultural environment of adolescents can significantly enhance engagement and long-term language mastery.

This article explores the role of intercultural communication in a globalized world where interactions among nations and cultures are rapidly expanding. The study analyzes theoretical and practical contributions of the English language as a primary medium of international communication in education, diplomacy, business, and digital environments. It examines the relationship between language and culture, the development of intercultural competence, and strategies for reducing communication barriers. The findings demonstrate that strengthening intercultural competence is essential for promoting mutual understanding, peace, and cooperation in an increasingly interconnected world.