Ushbu maqolada zamonaviy axborot-kommunikatsiya texnologiyalari rivojlanishi bilan yuzaga kelayotgan yangi avlod raqamli jinoyatlari va ularning inson huquqlariga salbiy ta’siri tahlil qilinadi. Ayniqsa, xorijiy mamlakatlarda kuzatilayotgan kiberzo’ravonlik, sun’iy intellektdan noto‘g‘ri foydalanish, deepfake texnologiyalari orqali sha’ni va qadr-qimmatga tajovuz, onlayn zo‘ravonlik (cyberbullying), va raqamli kuzatuv orqali shaxsiy hayot daxlsizligiga tajovuz holatlari alohida ko‘rib chiqiladi. Shuningdek, O‘zbekiston qonunchiligida mavjud bo‘shliqlar tahlil qilinib, yangi turdagi raqamli jinoyatlarga qarshi huquqiy mexanizmlarni ishlab chiqish zarurati asoslab beriladi.

The food industry is a branch of the national economy that produces food products. The industry includes enterprises of meat and dairy, oil and fat, fish, flour and cereals, pasta, fruit and vegetable canning, dairy and cream, sugar, tea, confectionery, bakery, grape and champagne wines, alcohol, vodka, tobacco, brewing, thirst-quenching, soap and other industries.

The relationship between a speaker’s native language (L1) and their pronunciation in a second language (L2) has long been recognized as a critical area of study within second language acquisition. Pronunciation is not merely about producing sounds correctly; it encompasses various phonological elements such as stress, rhythm, intonation, and syllable structure — all of which are deeply shaped by the learner's first language. This paper aims to explore the extent to which L1 interferes with or supports the acquisition of accurate L2 pronunciation. It investigates both segmental (individual sounds) and suprasegmental (prosodic features) aspects of speech, presenting evidence from various language groups to illustrate common patterns of transfer. Moreover, the study discusses how phonological habits from the native language often lead to a foreign accent and reduced intelligibility in the second language, even among otherwise proficient speakers. Emphasis is placed on practical strategies and pedagogical approaches that can be used to address L1-induced difficulties, such as contrastive analysis, phonetic training, and the use of technological tools for self-monitoring and feedback. The paper concludes that although native language influence is a natural and often unavoidable aspect of second language learning, its impact on pronunciation can be significantly minimized through targeted instruction and increased learner awareness.

Рассмотрены виды тестовых заданий по филологическим дисциплинам и методика их создания, дано определение теста, пояснено понятие предметной области. Тестовые задания разделены на виды, приведены примеры. Показано, что компетентностные знания, умения и навыки студентов можно оценить на основе тестовых образцов.

Ushbu maqolada hind xalqi og‘zaki va yozma adabiyoti javohirlaridan biri bo‘lmish “Kalila va Dimna” turkiy qo‘lyozmalarining o‘ziga xos bo‘lgan jihatlari va uning mazmuniy qurilishi tаdqiq etilgаn.