Juvenile criminal responsibility constitutes one of the fundamental and challenging issues in criminal law and the juvenile criminal justice system. This research is conducted with the aim of clarifying the scope and limits of children’s criminal responsibility within the legal system of Afghanistan. The principal research question addresses the legal bases and criteria upon which such responsibility is determined, particularly across different age stages.

Dunyo bo‘ylab shaharlar jiddiy muammo — havo ifloslanishi bilan yuzma-yuz kelmoqda. Ushbu maqolada yirik shaharlarda havo ifloslanishining asosiy sabablari, uning ekologik va ijtimoiy oqibatlari hamda muammoni kamaytirish yo‘llari keng qamrovda tahlil qilinadi.

Ushbu maqolada “Qutlugʻ qon” romanida qahramonlar xarakterini yaratish mahorati va obrazlar portretining badiiy xususiyatlari tahlil qilinadi. Tadqiqotda Yo‘lchi, Abdishukur, Mirzakarimboy, Yormat, O‘roz, Gulnor va Nuriniso kabi asosiy hamda ikkinchi darajali obrazlarning tashqi ko‘rinishi, nutqi, xatti-harakati va ichki kechinmalari yaxlit badiiy tizim sifatida o‘rganiladi. Yozuvchi qo‘llagan portret detallar va psixologik tasvirlar qahramon xarakterini ochib berishda muhim badiiy vosita sifatida tahlil etiladi. Natijalar Oybekning obraz yaratishda tashqi tasvir va ichki ruhiy holat uyg‘unligini ta’minlab, qahramonlarni jonli va ta’sirchan ifodalaganini ko‘rsatadi.

This article examines the issue of improving the training process of attacking actions in judo athletes aged 12–14. The author scientifically substantiates the importance of using tactical complexes in enhancing the technical and tactical preparedness of young athletes. Traditional approaches in judo training are analyzed, and factors that hinder the effective development of attacking actions are identified.

Ushbu maqolada ingliz va o‘zbek xalq eposlarida milliy qadriyatlarning aks etishi qiyosiy tahlil qilinadi.