English phrasal verbs are an important feature of the English lexical and grammatical system. They consist mainly of a verb combined with an adverbial particle or, in some cases, a particle and a preposition. Phrasal verbs such as give up, look after, find out, and take off are extremely common in everyday English and are particularly significant for learners who want to achieve natural and fluent communication. At the same time, they are difficult to understand and use because their meanings are not always predictable from the meanings of their individual components. This paper presents a comparative analysis of English phrasal verbs, focusing on their structural, syntactic, semantic, and functional characteristics. It also considers the relationship between phrasal verbs and their equivalents in other linguistic systems, particularly languages that tend to express verbal meanings through prefixes or single lexical verbs. The analysis demonstrates that phrasal verbs can have literal, semi-transparent, and idiomatic meanings and can function according to different syntactic patterns. Particular attention is given to separable and inseparable phrasal verbs, transitive and intransitive constructions, and difficulties associated with their translation and acquisition. The study concludes that understanding phrasal verbs requires learners to develop both vocabulary and grammatical awareness. Their systematic study is therefore essential for effective English-language learning, translation, and communication.

Qandli diabet — insulin ishlab chiqarilishi yoki uning organizm tomonidan samarali ishlatilishi buzilishi natijasida qonda glyukoza miqdorining surunkali oshib borishi bilan kechuvchi metabolik kasallikdir. Kasallik uzoq vaqt davomida yetarli darajada nazorat qilinmasa, yurak-qon tomir tizimi, buyraklar, ko‘z, periferik va vegetativ asab tizimi hamda oyoq-qo‘llarda jiddiy asoratlarni yuzaga keltirishi mumkin. Ushbu maqolada qandli diabetning asosiy asoratlari, ularning rivojlanish mexanizmlari, xavf omillari va oldini olishning zamonaviy yondashuvlari yoritilgan.

Ushbu maqolada o‘qituvchi tomonidan o‘quvchilarga ko‘rsatiladigan ijtimoiy, emotsional va akademik qo‘llab-quvvatlashning o‘quvchilarning psixologik farovonligi bilan o‘zaro bog‘liqligi pedagogik-psixologik nuqtayi nazardan tahlil qilinadi. Maqolada o‘qituvchi qo‘llab-quvvatlashining mazmuni, uning asosiy shakllari hamda psixologik farovonlikning tarkibiy komponentlari yoritiladi. O‘zbek va xorijiy ilmiy manbalar tahlili asosida o‘qituvchining empatik munosabati, o‘quvchi fikrini hurmat qilishi, konstruktiv fikr-mulohaza berishi, akademik qiyinchiliklarda yordam ko‘rsatishi va psixologik xavfsiz ta’lim muhitini yaratishi o‘quvchilarning farovonligi bilan bog‘liq muhim omillar ekanligi asoslanadi.

В статье рассматриваются международные подходы к оценке материнской смертности в период пандемии COVID-19. Анализируются основные медицинские, эпидемиологические и организационные факторы, влияющие на здоровье беременных женщин и исходы беременности. Особое внимание уделено влиянию COVID-19, доступности акушерской помощи, своевременности диагностики и профилактике осложнений. Рассматривается значение международных критериев для объективной оценки причин материнской смертности и совершенствования медицинской помощи женщинам в условиях эпидемиологических кризисов.

Ischemic stroke in young patients is an important cerebrovascular condition associated with a combination of clinical, metabolic, immunological, and genetic risk factors. The development of stroke at a young age may be influenced by hypertension, obesity, dyslipidemia, impaired glucose metabolism, smoking, physical inactivity, cardiovascular disorders, inflammatory processes, and hereditary predisposition. The aim of this study was to assess the main clinical, metabolic, and immunogenetic factors associated with ischemic stroke in young patients and to emphasize the importance of their comprehensive evaluation. Particular attention was given to neurological manifestations, blood pressure, body mass index, lipid profile, glucose metabolism, inflammatory markers, thrombophilic factors, and genetic predisposition. The analysis showed that the interaction of several risk factors may contribute to vascular endothelial dysfunction, thrombosis, and cerebrovascular injury. Immunological and genetic factors may be particularly relevant in young patients when conventional cardiovascular risk factors do not fully explain the development of stroke. Early identification of modifiable risk factors and appropriate assessment of immunological and genetic characteristics may improve individual risk stratification.