Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common endocrine disorders among women of reproductive age. In addition to reproductive and metabolic abnormalities, PCOS may be accompanied by persistent low-grade systemic inflammation and alterations in immune and metabolic regulation. These changes may influence periodontal tissues and modify the clinical course of periodontal disease.

Qandli diabet — insulin ishlab chiqarilishi yoki uning organizm tomonidan samarali ishlatilishi buzilishi natijasida qonda glyukoza miqdorining surunkali oshib borishi bilan kechuvchi metabolik kasallikdir. Kasallik uzoq vaqt davomida yetarli darajada nazorat qilinmasa, yurak-qon tomir tizimi, buyraklar, ko‘z, periferik va vegetativ asab tizimi hamda oyoq-qo‘llarda jiddiy asoratlarni yuzaga keltirishi mumkin. Ushbu maqolada qandli diabetning asosiy asoratlari, ularning rivojlanish mexanizmlari, xavf omillari va oldini olishning zamonaviy yondashuvlari yoritilgan.

International financial cooperation has become an increasingly important instrument for strengthening social stability, particularly in economies exposed to financial crises, unemployment, poverty, migration pressures, public-health emergencies, and other external shocks. Cooperation among national governments, international financial institutions, regional development banks, donor agencies, and multilateral funds can contribute not only to macroeconomic stabilization but also to the protection of employment, household incomes, access to essential public services, social inclusion, and human-capital development. This article examines the impact of international financial cooperation on social stability through selected successful experiences, including the European Union’s Support to Mitigate Unemployment Risks in an Emergency (SURE) instrument, the Global Concessional Finance Facility and related programs in Jordan, Asian Development Bank support for social resilience in Bangladesh, and international financial cooperation supporting social protection reforms in Uzbekistan. The study applies a comparative and descriptive analytical approach based on secondary data from international financial institutions. The findings indicate that the social impact of international financing is greatest when financial assistance is closely integrated with targeted social protection, employment measures, institutional reforms, digital delivery mechanisms, and transparent monitoring systems. The article concludes that international financial cooperation should increasingly be viewed as a multidimensional mechanism for maintaining social resilience rather than merely as an instrument for correcting macroeconomic imbalances.

Maqolada 2022–2024 yillarda Respublika perinatal markazida tug‘ruq qilgan yosh onalarda homiladorlik va tug‘ruq jarayonining xususiyatlari o‘rganish natijalari keltirilgan. O‘smir yoshdagi ayollar guruhida homiladorlik asoratlari statistik jihatdan ancha tez-tez uchrashi aniqlangan. Anemiya, platsenta bilan bog‘liq buzilishlar kabi patologiyalarda statistik ahamiyatli farq kuzatilgan. O‘smirlikdagi homiladorlik xavfli asorat — preeklampsiya rivojlanishiga olib kelishi mumkin. Yosh homiladorlarda vaqtidan oldin tug`ruq xavfi yuqori bo‘lgan guruhga kiradi. O‘smirlar guruhida kesarcha kesish yo‘li bilan tug‘ruq qilish holatlari tahlili keltirilgan. Olingan ma’lumotlar yosh onalarda homiladorlik va tug‘ruq asoratlarini oldini olish choralari ishlab chiqish va amaliyotga joriy etish uchun asos bo‘ladi.

English phrasal verbs are an important feature of the English lexical and grammatical system. They consist mainly of a verb combined with an adverbial particle or, in some cases, a particle and a preposition. Phrasal verbs such as give up, look after, find out, and take off are extremely common in everyday English and are particularly significant for learners who want to achieve natural and fluent communication. At the same time, they are difficult to understand and use because their meanings are not always predictable from the meanings of their individual components. This paper presents a comparative analysis of English phrasal verbs, focusing on their structural, syntactic, semantic, and functional characteristics. It also considers the relationship between phrasal verbs and their equivalents in other linguistic systems, particularly languages that tend to express verbal meanings through prefixes or single lexical verbs. The analysis demonstrates that phrasal verbs can have literal, semi-transparent, and idiomatic meanings and can function according to different syntactic patterns. Particular attention is given to separable and inseparable phrasal verbs, transitive and intransitive constructions, and difficulties associated with their translation and acquisition. The study concludes that understanding phrasal verbs requires learners to develop both vocabulary and grammatical awareness. Their systematic study is therefore essential for effective English-language learning, translation, and communication.