Gardez city is the capital of Paktia province, which is located 122 km south of Kabul and southeast of Afghanistan and on the route of the main branch of the Silk Road from Ghazni to Sindh. The historical castle (Balahisar) and Mirzaka have a special place in this city. In order to know the foundations of the city under study, it is inevitable to review written sources, field studies and environmental surveys. For this purpose, a systematic survey of the area of Gardez city has been carried out in order to collect surface data. In addition, in order to identify the settlement periods of the city, a borehole was dug near the city wall, whose data have been presented and analyzed in the current research. Also, the results of environmental studies were effective in identifying the factors affecting the formation and development of the city. From the ancient sites and the excavation of the square trench number 1 in the historical castle and the investigation of the Mahmoudiyeh hill (number one) and the Nadiryeh hill (number two), numerous pottery works were obtained, these potteries represent the era of the Achaemenids, Alexander the Great, Parthians, and Seleucids. They are Parthian, Sasanian and Islamic. based on findings and ancient works; The historical heritage of this city is more than what was imagined, this city has been a suitable place for settlement and residence from the geographical and environmental point of view since prehistoric times until now. The location of this area in the four communication routes from west to east and north to south has been one of the other reasons for the establishment and expansion of Gardez city.

The analysis of results of the research of the level of development of special efficiency of young volleyball players of 18-19 years and the possibility of its preservation in the course of the game is presented in article. It is established that such level of the studied qualities decreases in process of end of game parties more and more. The opinion is put forward that such dynamics of change of these qualities demonstrates instability of their status.

The article describes the Jadid movement that arose in Turkestan at the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries, and the views of its leaders on the renewal of science, education and upbringing of youth, as well as the scientific, cultural, spiritual, educational, and socio-political activities of Jadid educators.

Bul maqala shańaraqtıń funkciyası, túrleri hám jámiyettegi roli haqqında tolıq magliwmat beredi. Shańaraq insan turmısınıń áhmiyetli sociallıq strukturası bolıp, onıń aǵzaları arasındaǵı baylanıslar jeke hám jámiyetlik turmısta úlken áhmiyetke iye. Maqalada shańaraqtıń tiykarǵı túrleri, olardıń ózine tánlikleri, shańaraqtıń funkciyaları hám olardıń jámiettegi roli, sonday-aq, shańaraq hám psixologiyalıq salamatlıq arasındaǵı baylanıslar kórip shıǵıladı. Izertlew nátiyjeleri shańaraqtıń sociallıq turaqlılıq hám jeke rawajlanıw ushın qanday áhmiyetke ie ekenligin kórsetedi.